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Photonic quantum technologies

Jeremy L. O’Brien,1Akira Furusawa,2and Jelena Vuˇckovi´c3

1Centre for Quantum Photonics, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,

University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK

Department of Applied Physics and Quantum Phase Electronics Center,

School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo,

Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan

Department of Electrical Engineering and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305

(Dated: March 23, 2010)

The fi rst quantum technology, which harnesses uniquely quantum mechanical e ff ects for its core

Operation, has arrived in the form of commercially available quantum key distribution systems that

Achieve enhanced security by encoding information in photons such that information gained by an

Eavesdropper can be detected. Anticipated future quantum technologies include large-scale secure

Networks, enhanced measurement and lithography, and quantum information processors, promising

Exponentially greater computation power for particular tasks. Photonics is destined for a central role

In such technologies owing to the need for high-speed transmission and the outstanding low-noise

Properties of photons. These technologies may use single photons or quantum states of bright laser

Beams, or both, and will undoubtably apply and drive state-of-the-art developments in photonics.

The theory of quantum mechanics was developed at the

Beginning of the twentieth century to better explain the

Spectra of light emitted by atoms. At the time, many fa-

mously believed that all of Physics was close to fi nalized,

With a few remaining anomalies to be ironed out. The

Full theory emerged as a completely unexpected descrip-

Tion of how the world works at a fundamental level: It

Painted a picture that was fundamentally probabilistic,

Where a single object could be in two places at once—

Superposition—and that two objects in remote loca-

Tions could be instantaneously connected—entanglement.

These unusual properties have been directly observed and

Quantum mechanics remains the most successful theory

Humankind has developed in terms of the precision of

Its predicitions. Today we are learning how to harness

these ‘bizarre’ quantum e ff ects to realize profoundly new

‘quantum’ technologies.

Quantum information science1has emerged over the

last decades to address the question ‘Can we gain new

Functionality and power by harnessing quantum mechan-

ical e ff ects by storing, processing and transmitting infor-

Mation encoded in inherently quantum mechanical sys-

Tems?’ Fortunately the answer is yes. Quantum infor-

Mation is both a fundamental science and a progenitor

Of new technologies: already several commercial quan-

tum key distribution systems that o ff er enhanced secu-

Rity by communicating information encoded in quantum

Systems are available2. It is anticipated that such sys-

Tems will be extended to quantum communication net-

Works, providing security based on the laws of physics.

Perhaps the most profound (and distant) anticipated fu-

Ture technology is a quantum computer that promises

Exponentially faster operation for particular tasks1, in-

Cluding factoring, database searches, and simulating im-

Portant quantum systems, which one day may have rele-

Vance to technologically important materials. Quantum

metrology3aims to harness quantum e ff ect in measure-

Ment to achieve the highest precision allowed by nature,

While quantum lithography aims to use quantum states

of light to de fi ne features smaller than the wavelength4.

There are a number of physical systems being pur-

Sued for these future technologies1, however, quantum

States of light appear destined for a central role: light is

A logical choice for quantum communication, metrology

And lithography, and is a leading approach to quantum

Information processing (QIP). Photonic quantum tech-

Nologies have their origin in the fundamental science of