Previously arranged plan or obligation resulting from this arrangement. — КиберПедия 

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Previously arranged plan or obligation resulting from this arrangement.

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This meaning of “to be” is found in affirmative and interrogative sentences in the Present and Past tenses. “To be” is followed by the Indefinite Infinitive.

e.g. The Selection Committee is to choose the players for the international match, and if Jan plays well today, he may be chosen.

The Past tense of the verb “to be” in combination with the Perfect Infinitive denotes an unfulfilled plan.

e.g. Erik Gorin was to have arrived on Monday.

Orders and instructions, often official.

e.g. Jerusha Abbott, you are to go to the office. And I think you’d better hurry up.

Prohibition.

e.g. Jerusha Abbott, you are not to address the trustee.

Something that is destined to happen.

e.g. Professor Cameron was to be Erik’s adviser in this graduate work.

Possibility.

In this meaning “to be” is followed by the Passive Infinitive.

e.g. This book is to be found only in the central library.

SET PHRASES WITH THE VERB “TO BE”:

1. What am I to do? – Что же мне делать?

2. What is to become of me? – Что со мною станется?

3. Where am I to go? – Куда мне деваться?

4. When am I to be here? – Во сколько мне приходить?

5. Who is to begin? – Кому начинать?

6. Who is to blame? – Кто виноват?

7. What is to be done? – Что делать?

8. He is nowhere to be found. – Его нигде нет.

9. He is to be pitied. – Его надо пожалеть.

10. You are to be congratulated. – Вас надо поздравить.

11. It’s to be hoped. – Надо надеяться.

12. It wasn’t to be. – Этому не суждено было быть.

EXERCISES:

1. Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the meaning of the verbs “to have” and “to be”:

1) If you haven't tickets, you have got to be here an hour before the match starts to get good seats.

2) I told Jan he had to play his best because the Selection Committee was watching him.

3) If Jan is chosen for the international match will he have to give up his studies and go into training?

4) They’ll have to play against the wind in the second half.

5) Erik Gorin was to teach freshman physics lab at Columbia University.

6) Miss Prescott was not to be seen anywhere.

7) The visiting committee was to have come to the asylum on Wednesday.

8) Jerusha’s trustee was to become her pen-friend for years.

2. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs “must”, “have”, “be”:

1) Collective farmers...... do their best to gather rich harvests.

2) New machines...... be introduced in our agriculture.

3) In the field the team leader divided the students into two groups. The first group...... weed the vegetables, while the second...... mould up the potatoes. Then he said that all the students...... work well.

4) The soil was poor. So the collective farmers...... fertilize it.

5) They...... cover the hay because it began raining.

6) The children...... water the vegetables but as they were going to the fields, a thunderstorm suddenly broke out and they...... look for shelter.

3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the verbs “must”, “to have”, “to be”:

1) Is it necessary for me to stay?

2) It has been arranged that the youngest children should play on the beach.

3) It was necessary that smb. should be there to receive them.

4) It will be necessary for smb. to explain it to her.

5) My feet are wet. I am imposed to change my stockings.

6) Two more apartment houses are planned to be built there.

7) It’s your duty to attend all the classes.

8) They plan to play the cup final this afternoon.

9) I am sorry, but you’ll go there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache.

10) What am I supposed to do if they come too early?

4. Show that the planned action wasn’t carried out:

1) I was to wait for her in Yalta.

2) We were to go to the pictures that afternoon.

3) They were to start on Monday.

4) He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger.

5) Roses were to be planted round the piece of water in the centre.

6) There was to be a discussion later on.

7) We were to get there before the other party.

8) He was to tell her where to find us.

9) She was to graduate that year.

10) She was to wear that dress at her graduation party.

5. Render the following dialogue. Make up your own dialogues in analogy:

– I say, will you help me?

– With pleasure. What can I do for you?

– You see, I am to meet my brother at the station.

– And by the way, when is the train to come?

– It was to have come at 11 o’clock but they told me that the train was behind the schedule. Now it is to come at 5.

– Oh, sorry. My lessons are to begin at 4 and of course I must attend them. But, Kate, why not try Jane. She must be free today.

– What a pity that you are busy. I’ll have to go to the station alone. You see, Jane must have gone away because nobody answers the phone.

6. Translate into English:

1) Я должна была передать ему часы его отца, но он так и не пришел.

2) Вам придется написать ему еще раз.

3) Им пришлось долго ждать автобуса.

4) Я должен отвести брату его вещи.

5) Тебе придется надеть теплое пальто. Становится холоднее.

6) Подожди немного, я должна дочитать книгу до конца.

7) Мне пришлось оставить все и поехать в больницу.

8) Когда он должен приехать?

9) Рано или поздно вам придется сделать выбор.

10) День, когда мы должны были отправиться, был дождливым.

NEED

The verb “need” may be used as a defective or as a regular verb. The modal verb “need” expresses necessity. It is used in negative and interrogative sentences.

e.g. You needn’t blush like that, Frieda.

He needn’t give up his studies.

He has been playing football regularly and is in good form.

In combination with the Perfect Infinitive “need” expresses an action which has been performed though it was unnecessary. It implies a waste of time or effort.

e.g. You needn’t have cut so many sandwiches. Mother has made prune pudding.

EXERCISES:

1. Fill in the blanks with “can”, “may”, “need”, “have”:

1) “Oh, dear.... I stay here?” – “Stay here? Of course, you....”

2) You.... not walk all the way to the station. You.... take a bus around the corner.

3) You.... not switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark.

4) But you.... not have done it alone.

5) “.... Jackei come too?” – “No, children, he.... not. Not without asking his mother”.

6) “.... you go there tonight?” – “Well, I suppose I.... really”.

7) My brother is lazy. I always.... to tell him to do his homework.

2. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the modal verb “need”:

1) There is no necessity whatever for her to do it herself.

2) There is no earthly reason to worry.

3) There is no need for any of you to be present.

4) Is it any use our going into all that now?

5) It's no use your talking to him now. His mind is made up.

6) Why did you mention all these figures? The situation was clear as it was.

7) Why do you want to press the skirt? It’s not creased at all.

8) Why do you want to do it all today?

9) It was not necessary to take the six today. A later train will do as well.

10) It was not necessary for mother to cook this enormous dinner. We have brought all the food the children may want.

3. Render the following dialogue. Make up your own dialogues in analogy:

– Need we weed all the beds?

– No. You needn’t, you must weed only some of them. You needn’t even have asked such a question. You know that only some beds need weeding.

4. Translate into Russian:

1) Можете сегодня туда не ходить.

2) Нам можно не повторять эти правила, мы их хорошо знаем.

3) Можете не переписывать сочинение.

4) Он мог и не приходить. Все уже сделано.

5) Не к чему было так волноваться.

6) Подумать только, можно было и не ходить туда.

7) Можно не соглашаться сразу. Подумай несколько дней.

8) Не к чему было покупать мне книгу, она есть в библиотеке.

SHOULD (OUGHT)

“Should” and “ought” are treated together because they are grammatical synonyms and have the same meanings. “Should” is followed by a bare infinitive but “ought” is followed by the infinitive with the particle “to”.

The verbs “should” and “ought” have the following meanings:

Moral obligation.

In this meaning “ought” is preferable.

e.g. Mrs. Lippett used to remind her charges that they ought to respect the trustees.

Advisability.

In this meaning “should” is preferable.

e.g. You should tell Professor Fox that all you had as an undergraduate were the usual courses in mechanics, light and electricity.

Criticism of a past action.

a) in combination with the perfect infinitive “ought” and “should” in the affirmative form show that a desirable action was not fulfilled.

e.g. Jerusha should (ought to) have turned upstairs to accomplish her regular work.

b) in the negative form “ought” and “should” in combination with the perfect infinitive show that an undesirable action was fulfilled.

e.g. Jerome shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) have read the patent liver pill circular. Now he thinks that his liver is out of order.


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