Text IV Evolution of the Design Process and Technologies

Among the earliest recorded references to design comes from Egypt. The earliest designers were architects from about 3000 BC. They were designers, not builders, and they mediated between patrons and builders.

They were allied with priests and higher education. Design was bound by precedent, and changed little over time, with knowledge passed down through families for as much as 25 generations. Design technologies included reed pens, rulers, squares, and triangles. Materials included leather, wood panels, limestone, and stuccoed tablets.

In ancient Greek, designers were still architects, but they doubled as builders and engineers. There was education at private school and apprenticeship. The technology was not significantly different than Egyptian.

Design (and architects) became increasingly important in Roman times. Education was longer in the liberal arts, and then with an established master. Design technologies included drafting and complex scale model construction.

During the early middle ages, the role of the designer or architect continued to be important, but the status of the job fell. Drawings were finely detailed using drafting instruments. Buildings and design tended to be elegant.

The tools and technologies of design remained fairly constant until the last twenty-five years. They improved in quality and quantity, but remained as mechanical drawing instruments, modelling and prototyping tools.

Illustration technologies such as airbrushing were developed, but the advent of the computer gave rise to automated design tools. These include mechanical drafting replacements such as CAD, illustration tools such as 3-D illustration programs with full color shading complete with shadows and reflections, and computational tools to generate material lists and cost analysis.

Designers in this century include architects, graphic designers, interior designers, industrial designers, packaging designers, automotive designers.

There have been a number of design movements which had considerable impact on design in this century. The Bahaus was a design school founded in Germany in the 1930’s. A number of classic furniture designs were created by graduates from the Bahaus. The influence of these pieces is evident in much modern or contemporary furniture. American designers like Eames and Frank Lloyd Wright also had a great deal of influence on modern design.

The most overlooked, and perhaps the most influential, modern designers probably work in the fashion industry. They design everything from clothes to perfume, to the latest “look”.

Application of Design Technologies

Design is considered to be a process required for all technological development. It is, by definition, the process of creating a technological solution to a problem. Design technologies can be, and are, applied to almost everything we do. Most of the time we do it very informally, such as when we sketch a room plan and draw the furniture on it.

NOTES

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ally – 1. а) соединять, объединять; устанавливать связь с (чем-либо, кем-либо), б) вступать в союз, объединиться; породниться; 2. а) иметь тесную связь с (чем-либо), б) иметь общие черты с (чем-либо)

precedent – предшествующий, предыдущий

a reed pen – тростниковая ручка

limestone – известняк

a stuccoed tablet – кусок отделочного, штукатурного гипса

CAD (computer-aided design) – система автоматизированного проектирования

 

Unit II

Introduction into Speciality

Vocabulary

1. trial and error – пробы и ошибки;

2. objective – цель;

3. a cloak of secrecy – завеса секретности;

4. emerge – появляться; показываться; выходить; возникать; появиться; выходить (откуда-либо);

5. sparkle – искриться, сверкать;

6. blend – сочетание;

7. collaboration – сотрудничество; совместная работа;

8. launch – начинать; пускать в действие;

9. scrutiny – внимательное изучение; рассмотрение;

10. market-beating – покоряющий рынок;

11. scrutiny – внимательное изучение;

12. in-house colleagues – коллеги по цеху/ремеслу;

13. hands-on – практический, связанный с жизнью;

14. crucial – решающий; ключевой;

15. market share – зд. роль; вес на рынке;

16. implementation – реализация;

17. come to the fore – выдвигаться вперёд;

18. user-friendliness – дружественность по отношению к пользователю; удобство для пользователя;

19. catch up –догнать; нагнать; догонять; наверстать идти в ногу;

20. overseas counterparts – заграничные партнеры;

21. saturated market – насыщенный рынок;

22. vial – пузырек;

23. would-be – потенциальный; начинающий; желающий стать (кем-то);

24. special – зд. дополнительный;

25. credits – заглавные надписи; заглавные титры;

26. appeal – обращение;

27. layout – план (макет) работы;

28. ease – свобода; лёгкость; удобство;

29. bitmapped graphics – растровая графика;

30. vector graphics – векторная графика;

31. illustration package – пакет иллюстрационных программ;

32. computer-aided design (CAD) – системы автоматизированного проектирования САПР;

33. rendering – визуализация предметов (в машинной графике); семейство фильтров программы Adobe Photoshop, использующееся для обработки картинок путём их расцвечивания и/или затенения; рендеринг;

34. desktop publishing (DTP) – настольные издательские средства; настольная издательская система; подготовка публикаций с помощью настольных издательских средств;

35. clip-art – графическая вставка; иллюстративные вставки;

36. wireframe – режим просмотра рисунка, объекты которого представляются только их контурами;

37. geographic information systems (GIS) – географическая информационная система (ГИС).

I. Read the following international words and guess their meanings:

project social statistics

client mathematical career

parameter formulae interior

organisation camera function

economy realism emotional

electronic lecture psychology

practice seminar final

II. Choose the correct translation of the following English words:

successful успешный иметь успех успех

creative творчество создавать творческий

solution решать решение разрешимый

competition конкурировать конкурент конкуренция

consumption потреблять потребление потребляемый

definition определять определение определяющий

efficiency эффективный давать эффект эффективность

implementation применение применять применимый

illustration иллюстрировать иллюстрационный иллюстрация

special дополнение дополнительный дополнять

objective иметь целью цель целевой

III. Look at some basic design terms and try to guess their meanings by matching them with their definition:

1. layout	a. the representation of a digital image as a matrix of picture elements (pixels)
2. bitmapped graphics	b. a perspective drawing showing a designer’s idea of a finished product
3. illustration package	c. the art or process of arranging type, illustrations, etc. in an advertisement, newspaper, etc.
4. computer-aided design	d. set of painting and drawing programs
5. geographic information systems	e. software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing
6. rendering	f. computer-based technologies for the storage, manipulation, and analysis of geographically referenced information.
7. desktop publishing	g. a system or process for designing, editing, and producing camera-ready documents, as newsletters, brochures, or magazines, using a microcomputer, special software, and a printer
8. clip-art	h. a large collection of simple drawings stored in a computer from which items can be selected for incorporation into documents
9. wireframe	i. an image-rendering technique in which only edges and vertices are shown

IV. Discuss the following question: Which adjectives from the list below can describe the design process? Give your reasons.

interesting difficult creative unusual

easy various constructive surprising

boring intensive laborious engrossing

trivial hard mysterious common