Rational-emotive therapy (RET) albert Ellis

The founder of RET A. Ellis (b. 1913) began as an Orthodox psychoanalyst, he studied under the guidance of K. Horney. In the fifties of the twentieth century A. Ellis formulated a number of provisions which formed the basis of a new direction in practical psychology. One of these positions, often cited in A. Ellis, is the saying of the stoic Epictetus: "do not stand in the way of things, and what they see."

The idea of the man. In the concept A. Ellis, man is treated as savienojumi, self-sustaining. In addition, a person is born with a certain potential that has two sides: rational and irrational, constructive and destructive, seeking to love and growth and tending to destruction and self-blame, etc. According to A. Ellis, psychological problems manifest themselves when one tries to follow the simple preferences (desires for love, approval, etc.) and mistakenly believe that these simple preferences are the absolute measure of his success in life. Human beings are extremely subject to various influences, ranging from the biological level to social. Therefore, to reduce all the changing complexity of human nature to something one – whether psychoanalytic reduction or a favorable psychological climate of the therapy centered on the client – A. Ellis is not inclined.

The basic theoretical provisions of the concept. Concept A. Ellis suggests that the source of psychological disorders in all its diversity – is a system of individual irrational ideas about the world are acquired usually in childhood from significant adults. Neurosis, in particular, is treated by A. Ellis as "irrational thinking and behavior." The core of emotional disorders is, as a rule, self-incrimination. An important concept in RET is the notion of "trap" – the cognitive education are aware of the unreasonable (neurotic) anxiety, irritability, etc. In the concept A. Ellis argues that although it is to be loved in an atmosphere of acceptance and pleasure, one must also feel quite vulnerable and out of this atmosphere. Therefore, in the direction of developed a kind of "code of the neurotic" – erroneous judgments, the desire to perform which leads to psychological problems. Among them: "I have to prove that I am a successful, skilled and successful people; when I reject, it's terrible"; "I should like all the important people for me"; "it is best to do nothing, and let life decide for myself." A. Ellis proposed multicomponent structure of behavioral acts of the individual named after the first letters of the Latin alphabet (A-b-C-D – theory). This theory, rather the conceptual scheme found wide application in practical psychology, because it allows to the customer in the form of diary entries to effectively self-observation and introspection. In this conceptual diagram A – activating event, B (belief) – the opinion of the event (consequence) – consequence (emotional or behavioral) events; D (dispating) – subsequent response to the event (as a result of mental processing); E (effect) – the final value conclusion (constructive or destructive).

Analysis of customer behavior or introspection, according to the scheme: "the event-perception-reaction-reflection-output" has a very high productivity and learning effect. In General psychological conditions RET the following:

acceptance of personal responsibility for their problems;

acceptance of the idea that there is a possibility to strongly affect these problems;

the recognition that emotional problems stem from irrational ideas;

discovery (awareness) of these submissions;

recognition of the utility of serious discussions on these submissions;

the agreement to make efforts for confrontation with their illogical judgments;

consent to the use of RET.

Cognitive therapy Aaron Beck

Close to RET is a cognitive psychotherapy of A. Beck, the focus is given to emotional disorders, particularly depression. Although A. Beck developed his concept regardless of A. Ellis, both trends coincide in the objectives, methods of work and basic assumptions, among which in the centre – assistance to the client in the rejection of self-destructive cognitive structures. Because the views of A. Beck do not contradict positions A. Ellis, we describe only the most essential aspect of his concept.

Psychological help for emotional disorders. Emotional disorders are treated by A. Beck primarily as a cognitive disorder. In particular, such cognitive impairment as depression, has three components:

-perception of themselves;

-the perception of experience;

-the perception of the future.

Depth of depression is measured by a specially designed questionnaire, including the dimension of sadness, pessimism, sense of defeat, dissatisfaction, guilt, etc., the process of psychotherapy is a special organization of communication with the psychologist, when asked the questions: "What do you have to lose, if..." or "You know that it is pointless to try to...", etc. next there is a gradually evolving action program, which establishes a cooperation with a psychologist. Efforts are being made to reduce the level of self-criticism and self-blame, develop alternative solutions and ways of action. As a psychological defense used questions like: "if it hadn't happened to me, you have me, too, despised like myself right now?". Humor, irony, by which is achieved a cognitive shift in perception of the situation, are also of importance. Because emotional disorders by type of reduce emotional and depressive States customers often complain of excessive external demands for them, useful is the ranking done and discussing possible ways of achieving the planned. A. Beck suggested some specific techniques: detection and registration automatically occurring thoughts, in particular, with the help of leading questions; daily record "disturbing" thoughts; establishing personal meaning of the event; a generalization of automatic thoughts; operationalisierung negative constructs, analysis of the significance of incorrect ideas, etc.

Cognitive behaviour modification by Donald Herbert Meichenbaum

Donald Herbert Meichenbaum (b. in 1940) was born and educated in new York. He received a bachelor's degree at city College in 1962, Then in 1963 he enrolled at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champain, where he received a master's degree in 1965 and a Ph. D. in clinical psychology in 1966 In the period 1965-1966. he worked in the national health service. In 1966 he was appointed associate Professor of psychology at the canadian University of Waterloo in Ontario, and from 1970 to the present day worked there as a Professor.

The proposed Meichenbaum cognitive behaviour modification is not just behavioral therapy with the addition of some cognitive techniques, as did numerous behavioral therapists, recognizing the utility of cognitive techniques (e.g., Goldfried & Davison, 1976; O'leary & Wilson, 1975). This approach is more cognitive than behavioral. Techniques of behavior therapy include a number of cognitive elements. "Theory of learning", which is based on behavioural therapy, can not explain its cognitive aspect.

Meichenbaum tried to create a practical and science-based cognitive therapy. His approach recognizes the importance of what I say to myself as kind of defines their behavior factor. Thus, therapy focuses on changing what customers say to yourself out loud and to myself, since these statements lead to inefficient behavior and emotional disorders. Therapy turns into training clients to modify the instructions to myself, to cope successfully with problematic situations. In addition to the independent use of these teaching methods can be included in the standard techniques of behavioral therapy to enhance the effectiveness of these techniques. Teaching methods can also be included in the cognitive-restructuring technique.

Meichenbaum not explores the nature and conditions of learning. He recognizes that not all customers need the detailed learning of coping reactions (Meichenbaum, 1977, p 219), however, they developed the theory and practice of stem from this. Affective factors are not given enough attention; the only explicit reference to the passion is his observation that in the process of adjusting to a new sameinstrument the client must learn them consciously, and not mechanically; at the same time, the relationship between client and therapist are considered only in their cognitive aspect of learning. However, relatively recent publications, Meichenbaum (Meichenbaum, 1992, 1993) attaches more importance as to affect, and the therapeutic relationship to the treatment process. Indeed these cells are currently paid a lot of attention in cognitive-behavioral therapy (e.g., Safran & Segal, 1990), and the views of Meichenbaum, seem to reflect modern views.

The contribution of Meichenbaum that substantiate the importance of internal dialogue for behavior and behavioral change.

Вопрос № 12