Scientific Schools and Directions.

Scientists and Ships

Beginning with 1902 when the Shipbuilding Department of the Polytechnic Institute was organized and later the scientists and professors of the Shipbuilding Institute began to create new programs and scientific directions to be studied and developed in the field of shipbuilding. Professor K.P.Boklevsky (1862-1928) was the first to found the theory of ship design. He also offered to apply aluminium in shipbuilding and to install diesels as power plants aboard the ships. The academician A.N.Krylov (1863-1945) developed the ship oscillation theory and together with admiral S.O.Makarov they calculated the first tables of unsinkability.

Professor S.I.Druzhinin (1872-1935) was at the head of materials strength school. The Russian school of acoustics was founded by prof. L.L.Myasnikov (1905-1972), who was the first to investigate ultrasound and infrasound oscillations. Professors S.N.Blagovetschensky (1903-1985) and V.P.Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1893-1973) greatly contributed to the theory of stability and unsinkability. Professor V.P.Vologdin (1883-1970) initiated the application of welding in shipbuilding. Prof. N.E.Putov (1890-1980) developed the theory of ship structure.

New scientific schools were founded by professors V.A.Vansheid (1890-1982) and A.A.Moiseev (1896-1979) in the fields of internal combustion engines and steam turbines respectively.

All these ideas and scientific directions were further developed at our laboratories and departments by the scientists and professors of the MTU, graduates of the University. Professors N.N.Gorokhov, P.A.Doroshenko, P.A.Istomin, A.V.Bronnikov and many others made their great contribution to the theory of shipbuilding and education of shipbuilders. Professors A.N.Kholodilin and A.L.Vasilyev published books about the history of our University.

Many graduates had successful careers – B.E.Butoma was Minister of Shipbuilding, E.V.Tovstykh and D.M.Rostovsev were Rectors of the University; L.A.Maslov, D.S.Skobov, V.A.Postnov, V.N.Kvasnikov – prorectors; B.I.Shtafinsky, V.V.Rozhdestvensky, I.B.Ikonnikov, B.V.Rakitsky and others were deans of the faculties.

About thirty vessels were named in honour of the scientists and professors of the Shipbuilding Institute – MTU. Among them there are the motorship “Akademik Krylov” (1937) and the research vessel “Akademik Krylov” (1982), the tanker “I.Bubnov” (1975), the motorships “Akademik Pozdyunin” (1984), “Professor Papkovich” (1985), “Professor Tovstykh” (1985) and others.

1.11   Project. Collect information about your department and write about it. Use the helping hints below.

Being accurate is veryimportant in academic and professional writing. Check your project for:

· sentence length. Are your sentences too long or short?

· word order, linking words;

· words left out, e.g. articles, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs;

· using tenses.

Grammar: Basic Forms of the Verb

I Base form (Infinitive)	II Past Simple	III Past Participle	IV Present Participle
combine defend equip study find	combined defended equipped studied found	combined defended equipped studied found	combining defending equipping studying finding

1.12 Read the verbs correctly.

1) waited, 2) lived, 3) wanted, 4) stayed, 5) shipped, 6) equipped, 7) entered, 8) functioned, 9) defended, 10) stopped, 11) attended,12) trained, 13) closed, 14) sailed, 15) hoped, 16) answered

Grammar: Active Voice

Tenses	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	regularly I write Я пишу	now I am writing Я пишу	by now I have written Я написал
Past	yesterday I wrote Я писал	yesterday + at I was writing Я писал	yesterday + by I had written Я написал
Future	tomorrow I will write Я буду писать	tomorrow + at I will be writing Я буду писать	tomorrow + by I will have written Я напишу
Future-in -the-Past	She said she would write Она сказала, что напишет	She said she would be writing Она сказала, что будет писать	She said she would have written Она сказала, что напишет

 

 

1.13   Practice Active Tenses and speak on:

1. what you do regularly as a post-graduate student;

2. how you are working at your thesis now/this month;

3. what you did for your thesis last month;

4. what you have already done for your thesis;

5. what you are planning (going) to do for your thesis in the near future;

6. what you will do after taking the post-graduate course;

7. how long you have been working at your thesis;

8. how you are getting prepared to your qualifying examinations for а Master degree.

 

Grammar: Passive Voice

Be+V3	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	regularly I am invited Меня приглашают	now I am being invited Меня приглашают	by now I have been invited Меня пригласили
Past	yesterday I was invited Меня пригласили/я был приглашен	yesterday + at I was being invited Меня приглашали	yesterday + by I had been invited Меня пригласили
Future	tomorrow I will be invited Меня пригласят	–	tomorrow + by I will have been invited Меня пригласят
Future-in -the-Past	She said I would be invited Она сказала, что я буду приглашен/ меня пригласят	–	She said I would have been invited Она сказала, что я буду приглашен/ меня пригласят

Passive Song

Once a problem is raised, information is obtained,

And the boss is consulted now and then.

An approach is proposed, all the factors are supposed,

And the ways are considered again.

When a theory’s suggested, all deductions are tested,

And the model is then modified.

Wrong ones are discarded, right ones are regarded,

The solution is proved to be right.

Then a thesis is written, mind that copying’s forbidden,

You present it to the Academic Board.

If it’s not modified then and agreed to be relied on,

You are given a degree or award.

 

1.14 Translate the sentences.

a) 1. ‘To be or not to be?’ This question could be answered due to high mental ability of sophisticated computers. 2. In future, superintelligent machines will be allowed to do only the work useful to mankind but not dangerous for it. 3. Much attention is given nowadays to moral aspects of Artificial Intelligence. 4. Computer industry has been greatly influenced by universal social and economic progress. 5. The negative consequences of technological progress ought not to be neglected. 6. The lecture was accompanied by the demonstration of a scientific film. 7. What languages are you taught at the University?

b) 1. The speaker wasn’t listened to at all. 2. His latest paper is still being spoken of. 3. The theory is often referred to. 4. The problem should be immediately dealt with. 5. This specialist was sent for to help us in our work. 6. The lecture was followed by an experiment. 7. She was spoken to about this matter yesterday. 8. Our life is more and more influenced by science. 9. The e-mail was answered immediately. 10. All the questions asked were answered in detail. 11. The choice of the hull form is influenced by service considerations.

Notes:   influence – влиять на

              follow – следовать за

              answer – отвечать на

1.15   Practice Passive Tenses and write:

1. what should be done to become a post-graduate student (make a decision, pass entrance examinations, choose a higher school/ faculty/ department/ advisor/ theme/ name of the thesis…);

2. what is now being done for the thesis (collect material; carry out experiments; look through/read scientific literature; discuss/think over theme/problems/aspects; attend seminars/conferences);

3. what has already been done.

1.16   Answer the questions:

1. Why did you decide to take a post-graduate course?

2. What was the topic of your diploma research?

3. What higher school did you graduate from?

4. What’s the theme of your thesis?

5. How important and topical is it?

6. How new is the theme?

7. How much and what has already been done on the theme by previous researchers?

8. Are you working now?

9. How do you manage to combine work and post-graduate study?

10. Is your thesis theoretical or experimental?

11. What about spare time: have you got it? How do you spend it?

12. Have you ever taken part in scientific seminars and conferences?

13. Have you published your own scientific papers? What are they about?

Grammar: There is   and   It is.

1.17   Study the models and learn some fixed expressions.

There is  still time / no point in waiting / nothing we can do / a problem / no time like the present.

It is  too late / not my fault / time to go / a nuisance / a priority.

1.18 Complete the sentences with there or it and the form of the verb be:

1. …… too late, …… nothing we can do about it now.

2. …… not my fault. …… proper ways to do things and you didn’t follow the procedure.

3. …… problems when the news gets out. …… not the right way to introduce an important change in the way we work.

4. …… time to go. If we leave now, …… time to call in at Head Office on the way to the airport.

5. …… a vacancy in the Accounts Department. …… for someone to control the accounts of the dozen or so major clients.

6. …… a nuisance but …… nothing we can do on our part. We’ll just have to wait.

7. …… gate 57, …… still time for the duty-free shop!

8. …… problems with the fax machine which we need to get fixed and …… urgent. – Right, I’ll ring straight away. …… no time like the present.

9. We’ve run out of headed paper. – I think …… a couple of boxes in the stationary cupboard.

10. …… only a couple of days before the deadline, so …… a top priority.

11. …… no point in worrying about it. …… too late.

1.19   Word formation. Complete the sentences with adjectives ending in - ful or - less.

1. Smoking is … (harm) to one’s health. 2. I thought it would hurt when the doctor gave me the injection but it was actually quite … (pain). 3. Ted is a very … (care) driver; he has got into many accidents. 4. Don’t be afraid of our dog – he’s … (harm). 5. The woman was very … (help); when I asked her for directions she told me exactly how to get there. 6. It is … (doubt) that he’ll pass the exam as he hasn’t revised at all. 7. The … (care) secretary typed all the letters without making any mistakes. 8. Jamie is a … (thought) person who always remembers my birthday. 9. Her … (thought) remarks hurt my feelings.

1.20  Read the text, translate it and make a summary. See Appendix 6 for tips.