I. Write the following verbs in Past Simple.

I. Write the following verbs in Past Simple.

buy	become
give	find
write	fall
drink	cut
lose	swim
understand	build
have	forget
leave	go
grow	begin
spend	come
take	sell
read	cost
sit

 

II. Read the words.

apprentice, machine, acre, reverse, company, failure, invest, production, profit, manufacture, type, assemble, reduce, overall, rapidly

III. Complete the text with verbs from I.

 

Henry Ford, the son of farmer, was born in Greenfield, Michigan on July 30th, 1863. He (a)______school at 15 to work on his father’s farm, but in 1879 he moved to Detroit where he (b) ______ an apprentice in a machine shop. He returned to Greenfield after his father (c) ______ him 40 acres to start his own farm. He hated farming and returned to Detroit to work as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company.

He (d) ______ his spare time trying to build a petrol-driven motor car. In 1896 he (e) ______ his first car in the garden. He named the car Thin Lizzie, and it (f) ______ no reverse gear or brakes. Ford started two companies that ended in failure. Finally, in June, 1903 he (g) ______ 12 people ready to invest $28,000 in a new company. He (h)______ production of the Model A car. The car (i) ______ well, and by 1907 the profits reached $1,100,000.

In 1909 Ford decided to manufacture only one type of car, the Model T. At first it (j)______14 hours to assemble a Model T car. Ford reduced this to 1 hour 33 minutes. This (k)______the overall cost of each car and between 1908 and 1916 the selling price of the Model T (l)______from $1,000 to $360. In the 1920s the Ford Motor Company (m)______rapidly, and in 1925 Ford produced 60 per cent of America's total output of cars. Henry Ford died on April 7th, 1947.

IV. Find the words close in their meaning.

1. return 2. reduce 3. price 4. produce 5. production

a. manufacture b. output c. cut d. come back e. cost

 

V. Find the words opposite in their meaning.

1. rapid 2. leave 3. love 4. failure

a. hate b. slow c. success d. return

 

VI. Find the words as they occur together in the text.

1. machine 2. motor 3. reverse 4. invest 5. overall 6. selling 7. total 8. end in

a. price b. cost c. car d. money e. output f. shop g. failure h. gear

 

VII. Find the English equivalents in the text.

1. вкладывать (деньги) 2. производство, изготовление 3. доход 4. достигать 5. производить, выпускать 6. собирать

7. снижать 8. общие затраты 9. отпускная (продажная) цена 10. общий объем производства

 

VIII. Use the key words to speak about H. Ford.

30.07.1863      born, Greenfield, Michigan

15                      school → work

1879                 → Detroit, apprentice; engineer, petrol-driven motor car

1896                 first car “thin Lizzie”, no reverse gear, brakes

                      2 Coº → failure

06.1903           $ 28,000 → new Coº, Model A

1907                 only Model T

                          14 hours → 1 hour 33 min, $ 1,000 → $ 360

                          Coº grew

1925                 60% America’s total output

7.04.1947        died

 

The Mystery Man

 

Amancio Ortega is famous in business schools around the world and is one of the richest men in the world. At the same time, the founder and boss of Zara and Inditex, is almost unknown to the general public. Every 48 hours, somewhere in the world, the Inditex group opens a new store, but its boss has never appeared on television or given a newspaper interview. Amancio Ortega was born on 28 March, 1936. He grew up in the north-west of Spain, and his family was from a working-class background. He started his business life as a sales assistant in a local clothes shop. Then, in 1963, he set up a small lingerie business with his wife. The company did well, and the experience made Ortega think that it was essential to control every stage of the process from production to sales. This idea is central to the success of Inditex. Clothes makers usually produce their collections months in advance. They have to anticipate fashion trends. However, Inditex can manufacture new designs and get them into the stores in less than two weeks.

Its headquarters is in daily contact with its stores and knows exactly what is selling well. The group manufactures most of its own clothes. Production is in small batches. If an item doesn't sell, they stop making it. The shops never have unsold stock. Ortega has done something else unique in the fashion business. His company has sold its clothes all over the world without using any advertising at all. As the group has grown, so has interest in its boss. The Spanish press has published many stories about his art collections and his country mansions, but most of them are just rumours. It's difficult to say what is true, because the richest man in Spain is very discreet. He is not a typical businessman and for the head of a fashion empire, he doesn't seem very interested in clothes. In fact, he has worn a tie on just two occasions: his second wedding and when he met Juan Carlos, the King of Spain. This is the man who has founded what Daniel Piette, fashion director of the French luxury goods group LVMH, has called 'possibly the most innovative and devastating retailer in the world'.

 

Read the words.

appear, lingerie, experience, essential, process, advance, anticipate, store, contact, manufacture, unique, advertising, mansion, rumours, discreet, empire, occasion, luxury, innovative, devastating, retailer

I. Find the words close in their meaning.

1. boss 2. public 3. set up 4. essential 5. trend 6. produce 7. store 8. discreet

a) central b) shop c) vogue d) people e) careful f) found g) manufacture h) head

 

II. Find the words opposite in their meaning.

1. famous 2. assistant 3. more 4. success 5. unimportant

a) failure b) boss c) unknown d) essential e) less

 

III. Make up word combinations.

1. general 2. sales 3. clothes 4. fashion 5. small 6. unsold 7. luxury 8. to set up

a) stock b) trend c) goods d) shop e) batch f) public g) a business h) assistant

 

IV. Correct mistakes.

bach sails fassion stok produse sucsess

asistent retiler lukshery edvertisng hedqwoters manufakcher

V. Find the English equivalents in the text.

1. учредить торговое предприятие 2. преуспевать, процветать 3. заранее 4. главное управление 5. партия (товара) 6. отдельный предмет 7. запас 8. реклама

9. слухи 10. случай 11. основывать 12. предметы роскоши 13. розничный торговец 14. предвидеть, предугадывать 15. производство 16. продажа

 

VI. Answer the questions.

1. Who is A. Ortega?

2. When and where was he born?

3. How did his career start?

4. Why is he successful?

5. How does Inditex work?

6. Why is the company unique?

7. Is A. Ortega a typical businessman? Why?

 

VII. Use the words to speak about A. Ortega and his business.

famous, the richest, the founder and boss, unknown, no interviews

28.03.36, Spain, working-class background

salesman, small business, control – success

Inditex: daily contact, manufacture, small batches, no unsold stock, no advertising

stories – rumours. Not a typical businessman, not interested in clothes, tie, discreet

VIII. Do the crossword.

1. партия 2. отдельный предмет 3. продавец 4. реклама 5. уникальный 6. предметы роскоши 7. производить

8. розничный торговец 9. запас 10. успех 11. направление, тенденция 12. магазин, склад 13.?

 

DREAMS

WHEN MIKE CLARE left college at 18 with a basic business diploma, he started working for a furniture shop in the beds department. Eventually, he became a manager, but when he was 35 and after 12 years working for someone else, he decided it was time to start his own business. He got a small loan and sold his car to raise some money and found a small shop which was in a terrible state but was cheap. He started the Sofabed Company in 1985 and within two years, he had three stores. After a while, he decided to concentrate only on beds because they take up less space and you can store more of them. He also found that beds were easier to sell because people are less concerned about the look of a bed than a sofa. He changed the name of the company to Dreams and has not looked back since.

Dreams has built its business on four main selling points: Choice, Price, Delivery and Comfort. This simple formula and Mike's enthusiasm have taken the business to over 150 superstores. Distribution has been the company's biggest challenge, and they now have a fleet of over 100 vans. They have also given a lot of special attention to customer service. When a Dreams driver delivers a bed, he puts on a special pair of slippers to avoid making a mess. 'The slippers cost us virtually nothing, but after a delivery it's all the customers can talk about,' explains Clare.

Dreams has established a reputation for quality and service and has won the Retailer of the Year prize three times. In 2005, it launched an online store and has recently opened its own bed factory. The company is still growing and it has branched out into the international market through franchising. Clare is optimistic about the future. 'It's not easy, and a lot of businesses do fail' he admits. 'But it's not as complicated as a lot of people think either.'

 

I. Make up word combinations.

1. own 2. raise 3. start 4. take up 5. a fleet of 6. customer 7. make 8. establish 9. launch 10. international

a. space b. market c. vans d. a mess e. money f. a store g. a reputation h. business i. service j. a company

 

II. Synonyms or antonyms? Mark the pairs of synonyms with the letter “s” and the pairs of antonyms with the letter “a”.

 

1. loan, credit                      ___

2. sell, buy                           ___

3. launch, set up                 ___

4. business, company       ___

5. easy, complicated         ___

6. fail, succeed                   ___

7. delivery, distribution     ___

8. customer, shop assistant ___

9. cost, price                        ___

 

III. Find the English equivalents in the text.

1. отдел 2. выбор 3. цена 4. доставка 5. удобство

6. проблема, вызов 7. качество 8. расширяться, ветвиться 9. торговец в розницу 10. лицензия на продажу товара

 

IV. Answer the questions.

1. How did Mike Clare start his career?

2. Why did he concentrate only on beds?

3. What are his main selling points?

4. What was the company’s biggest challenge? How did they solve the problem?

5. Have they established a good reputation? Prove your answer.

6. Are they doing well now? Prove your answer.

Blackcircles.com

MICHAEL WELCH left school at 16 and started work in a garage as a car-tyre fitter. He quickly learnt about the car-tyre business and decided to set up his own mail-order company. He advertised in motoring magazines and sold high-performance specialist tyres. He knew very little about running a business so he took a college course to study aspects like financial management. His next step was to get a job with the tyre company Kwikfit where he got some experience, and was able to study his future competition. After a year there and still only 20, he decided it was time to go it alone.

His company, Blackcircles.com, allows customers to order tyres on the Internet and get them fitted within a day at one of its affiliated garages. Its low-cost, speedy service has proved to be a spectacular success. Welch started in an office with a single desk which he rescued from a rubbish bin. At the beginning he needed to find reliable garages to fit the tyres and spent a lot of his time approaching and checking fitters across the country. After six months, he took on his first employee to help and the business began to grow, despite some problems with his investing partners.

These days, Blackcircles.com is a thriving business and the company has built up a network of 970 franchise outlets. The company has set up a central call centre which phones every single customer to get feedback on the service. This way Welch can see how garages are performing and identify problems. 'We've spent time on the basics, making sure customers are getting the right service,' he says. Growth has been slower as a result, but he thinks this is a secret of his success. As it says on the company website, 'Since 2001, we have supplied and fitted tyres for thousands of satisfied customers, many of whom have bought tyres from Blackcircles.com again and again.' Recently the company has launched a specific web-based service for customers with fleets of cars and has added motorbike tyres to its range of over 20,000 tyres.

 

I. Read the words:

financial, experience, spectacular, employee, reliable, franchise, identify, supply

 

NINTENDO

Read the history of Nintendo below. Complete the text using the words and phrases in the box.

 

advertising competitor  console  innovation  manufacture mass-produced   partnership  playing cards   sales  trade

NINTENDO is one of the best-known brands in the world and a leader in interactive video entertainment – a multi-billion dollar industry. The company has a history which dates back to the nineteenth century.

 

1889 Fusajiro Yamauchi founds a small company to manufacture traditional (a).......................................

1953 The company manufactures the first (b)...........................plastic playing cards in Japan.

1963 The company changes its name to Nintendo Co. Ltd. and starts to (c).......................................games in addition to playing cards.

1965 Boss Hiroshi Yamauchi hires Gunpei Yokoi - the engineer behind many of the company's most successful products.

1975 Nintendo forms a (d)......................................with Mitsubishi Electric to take advantage of their micro-processor technology.

1983 Nintendo develops a (e)..                     for use at home, the NES.

1989 Nintendo launches Game Boy – the first console you could carry around in your pocket. The package includes Tetris – one of the most addictive games of all time.

1990 Nintendo sales represent 10% of the (f)...........................   deficit between Japan and the USA.

1994 Sony releases the Playstation, which works as a CD player as well as a console. Nintendo faces a major new (g).......................................and sales suffer badly.

2001 Nintendo launches a sophisticated new console, the GameCube. Sales are poor but at the same time in the USA, the 'GameBoy Advanced' dominates the handheld market.

2004 With the disappointing (h)......................................of GameCube and the success of GameBoy Advanced, Nintendo decides to concentrate on the portable market and release a new handheld console – the Nintendo DS (Dual Screen).The DS is popular but has to compete against Sony's new handheld, the PSP.

2006 Things look bad for Nintendo, but once again, a brilliant (i)........................... saves them from disaster - the 'Wii'. Its most brilliant feature is a 'wand' which allows players to physically move while they play a game of tennis on screen – there areno complicated controls and anyone can play with it. With a clever (j)...............................campaign (aimed at adult gamers) in a very short time it achieves higher levels of sales than all its competitors.

 

YOUTUBE

 

 Jawed Karim is a college student with a difference. For a start, he is not worried about the $100,000 cost of his master’s program at Stanford University because he is already a millionaire. He first hit the Internet jackpot when eBay bought the online payment company he was working for. Then he got lucky again when Google agreed to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion.

When the deal was signed everybody was talking about two of YouTube's co-founders – Chad Hurley and Steve Chen. After all, they were the public face of YouTube. Most people didn't know that there was also a third co-founder of YouTube, Jawed Karim. In fact, he was the person who actually first proposed the idea.

Karim grew up in West Germany, but has lived in the USA since his family emigrated there when Karim started high school. His Bangladeshi father is a chemist at 3M, and his German mother is a professor at the University of Minnesota. Karim obtained his degree in computer science and engineering in 2004 at the University of Illinois.

Hurley, Chen and Karim have known each other since they met as employees at Pay Pal, the payment service. When eBay bought PayPal for $1.5 billion, they all received substantial payments. Now rich, the three men often met late at night for brainstorming sessions at Max's Opera Cafe near Stanford, and discussed possible ventures. Karim said he originally pitched the concept of a video-sharing website to his friends because at the time it was difficult to download videos off the net.

The three agreed to divide up the work based on their different skills. Hurley designed the site’s interface and logo while Chen and Karim shared responsibility for technical aspects. At a later stage, when it was necessary to take on management roles, Hurley became CEO and Chen the chief technology officer. However, Karim really wanted to return to his computer studies, so he chose not to be part of the management team. As a result he agreed to take a smaller stake than the other two founders, and not to take a salary or even a formal title because in his own words, he was "focused on school." Although, since then, he has continued in an informal advisory role, he admits it was the other two who actually turned the basic idea into reality.

Jawed Karim is not the first entrepreneur to lose his place in history. Popular wisdom, for example, says that Bill Gates started Microsoft and Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart on their own, but they too had co-founders. In any case, it is not likely that Karim has too many regrets. While his former colleagues continue to run YouTube, his dream is to teach and become a university professor. Whatever he does, money is not likely to be a problem.

 

1 Find words and phrases in the text which mean the same as the following.

a    win a lot of money

b had good luck

c agreement

d got his university qualification

e meeting to swap ideas         

f presented an idea

g graphic layout

h stockholding

i large sums of money

 

2 Use the words and phrases in 1 in the correct form to complete the following sentences.

a I know people who......... and are now very rich.

h The company is a co-operative, so all the employees have a......... in it.

c In my country, it takes most people three years to.........

d    Many people in the financial world get......... as bonuses for their work.

e We had a......... to find a solution to the delays in production.

f If you........., it is always possible you will win the lottery.

g Our company website has a very nice......... which is simple for customers to use.

h I have to.........to some important clients this afternoon, so I'm a bit nervous.

i If you manage to negotiate a good........., we’ll go out to celebrate this evening,

 

3 Write sentences which are true for you using the words and phrases in 1.

 

4 How much of the story can you remember without looking? Use the following words summarize the story.

 

co-founders, employees, entrepreneur, management roles, West Germany, millionaire, smaller stake, university professor, video-sharing

 

5. Translate into English.

 

1. стоимость, 2. преуспеть, 3. платеж, 4. подписать соглашение, 5. предлагать, 6. получать степень, 7. работник, 8. услуга, 9. коммерческое предприятие, 10. умение, 11. разрабатывать

12. ответственность, 13. генеральный директор, 14. доля, часть, 15. зарплата, 16. консультативный, 17. предприниматель, 18. допускать, соглашаться, 19. основатель, учредитель, 20. коллега, 21. управлять (компанией)

 

6. Answer the questions.

 

1. Why isn’t Karim worried about money?
2. When did he get substantial payments?
3. Who are the co-founders of YouTube?
4. Where is Karim from? Who are his parents?
5. How did the co-founders of YouTube meet?
6. What was Karim’s new concept?
7. Why did it become so popular?
8. How did Hurley, Chen and Karim divide the work?
9. How did Karim’s studies influence his work?
10. What do Bill Gates, Sam Walton and Jawed Karim have in common?
11. What is Karim’s dream?

 

 

Unit 7

Present Perfect

have/has + III форма глагола

 

+	?	–
He She   has written It	he Has she  written?         it	He She has not written It
I We    have written You They	I Have we  written?        you        they	I We have not written You They

 

‘Has Jane come?’

‘Yes, she has.’/ ‘No, she hasn’t.’

 

‘Have you ever been to London?’

‘Yes, I have.’/ ‘No, I haven’t.’

 

Present Perfect	Past Simple
Have/ has + V3	V+ed V2
Значение
Действия в незавершенный период времени	Действия в завершенный период времени
Действия, предшествовавшие настоящему моменту и тесно с ним связанные с ним	Однократные, повторявшиеся и последовательные действия в прошлом
Ключевые слова
ever, never, just, already (стоят перед смысловым глаголом*); yet, lately, recently, this week, for 2 hours, since August, today, all my life, How long…?	yesterday, last summer, a week ago in 2015, When-?

 

* I have never been to New York.

Have you ever seen the Queen?

Unit 8

Have to

Утверждения и отрицания

I We You They	have don’t have	to work here
He She It	has doesn’t have

 

Вопросы

Do	I we you they	have to work hard?
Does	he she it

 

‘Do you have to wear a uniform?’

‘Yes, I do.’

 

‘Does he have to go now?’

‘No, he doesn’t.’

Past Simple

He had to go.

He didn’t have to go.

Did he have to go?

‘Have to’ обозначает необходимость, обусловленную обстоятельствами.

I have to start work at 8. – Мне приходится начинать работу в 8.

‘Don’t/doesn’t have to’ обозначает отсутствие необходимости.

She doesn’t have to work on Mondays. – У нее нет необходимости (Ей не надо) работать по понедельникам.

 

Следующие глаголы являются модальными: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.

Им не требуется вспомогательный глагол, после них инфинитив идет без частицы ‘to’, в 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени они не принимают -s.

 

Should

Утверждение и отрицание

I He She It We You They

should do more work. shouldn’t tell lies.

 

Вопросы

Should	I She They		see a doctor?
Do you think	I He We	should

 

‘Should I phone home?’

‘Yes, you should.’

 

‘Should I buy a Volvo?’

‘No, you shouldn’t.’

 

‘Should’ передает настоятельный совет, рекомендацию говорящего.

You should listen carefully. – Тебе следует слушать внимательно.

You shouldn’t sit close to the TV. Тебе не следует сидеть близко к телевизору.

 

Must

He must visit his granny. – Он должен навестить бабушку.

You mustn’t do it. – Тебе нельзя это делать.

Must I go there at once? No, you needn’t.

 

‘Must’ обозначает внутренний долг, ‘mustn’t’ – запрет.

 

	перевод	значение
he should V shouldn’t V	следует не следует	даем совет
he has to V doesn’t have to V	должен, вынужден нет необходимости	обстоятельства вынуждают
he must V mustn’t V	должен нельзя	внутренний долг запрет

 

 

If & when clauses

 

When                    summer comes,            I        will go to the sea.

 

If                             _______ Present Simple, _________ Future Simple.

When                                       play(s)                                 will V1

After                                            am                                      won’t V1   

Before 

As soon as                                     is   

Till/Until                                       are

Unless                                          don’t V1

While                                           doesn’t V1

 

When summer comes, I will go to the sea.

I will go to the sea when summer comes.

 

I. Write the following verbs in Past Simple.

buy	become
give	find
write	fall
drink	cut
lose	swim
understand	build
have	forget
leave	go
grow	begin
spend	come
take	sell
read	cost
sit

 

II. Read the words.

apprentice, machine, acre, reverse, company, failure, invest, production, profit, manufacture, type, assemble, reduce, overall, rapidly