Некоторые случаи, когда согласование времен не употребляется.

1. Если в придаточном предложении сообщается общеизвестное положение или факт.

We convinced him how important learning English is- мы убедили его, насколько важно изучение английского.

Even the early doctors knew that the washing of hands prevents infection- еще издавна врачи знали, что мытье рук препятствует распространению инфекции.

2. Если в состав сказуемого придаточного предложения входит модальный глагол must, s hould, ought или need согласование времен не употребляется. Однако can меняется на could, а may меняется на might.

Mary said that he must call her – Мария сказала, что он должен позвонить ей.

They said they might come back early – они сказали, что, может быть, вернутся рано. Boris said that he could speak French – Борис сказал, что он говорит по-французски.

Упражнение 17. Объясните согласование времен в английских предложениях и переведите их.

1. They were informed yesterday that the company had paid all the accounts promptly. *¹⁶ 2. The buyers stated in their enquiry that they had been cooperating with the firm since 2015. 3. The buyers informed the suppliers that they could not accept their offer on the conditions proposed. *¹⁷ 4. The secretary said that she had prepared all the documents. 5. He informed the customers*¹⁸ that their firm had ordered new equipment. 6. The experts informed the buyers that they were making arrangements for the shipment of the goods by the steamship «Rostov». 7. The buyers stated in their claim that they had chartered the tanker «Bingo» to load the computers at Taiwan at the beginning of December.

 

Упражнение 18. Переведите предложения из прямой речи в косвенную речь, сделав необходимые преобразования.

1. He said, "I went to the city center yesterday." 2. My mother said, "I have washed the dishes." 3. Kristy asked me, "Do you want to stay here?" 4. She asked us, "Why have you come so late?" 5. The old teacher said to me, «It happened many years ago». 6. He said, «I hope the weather 'll be better next week.

 

Упражнение 19. Отметьте правильные предложения. В остальных – исправьте ошибки.

1. He knew he has a problem. 2. He knows he will have a problem. 3. He knew he had a problem. 4.  He knew he will have a problem. 5. He knew he would have a problem.

 

Упражнение 20. Переведите предложения с русского на английский.

1. Я думал, что они ждут меня дома.2. Джон был уверен, что я уехал из города. 3. Я надеялся, что он придет. 4. Мы не знали, что он говорит по-английски. 5. Я не понимаю, когда он придет. 6. Когда он переведет этот текст, мы пойдем в кино. 7. Они ждут, пока проблема не будет решена. 8. Она сказала, что ему следует загрузить новое приложение. 9. Он сказал, что он может отремонтировать смартфон. 10. Моя сестра написала, что она, может быть, приедет завтра.

2.3.Страдательный залог (The Passive voice)

Если в предложении сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге, то действие не выполняется лицом или предметом, представленными подлежащим, но направлено на лицо или предмет. Формы глагола в страдательном залоге образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице числе и причастия II c смыслового глагола. Изменяется по времени только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму. У правильных глаголов она совпадает с формой Past Simple и заканчивается - е d.

Сравните: Somebody cleans the room every day (active). - кто - то убирает комнату каждый день.

The room is cleaned every day (passive) – комната убирается каждый день.

I invited him (active) – я пригласил его.

I am invited to all the meetings (passive). – меня приглашают на все встречи.

Дополнение в предложениях с глаголом-сказуемым в страдательном залоге употребляется с предлогом by (обозначает кто/ что совершает действия) или with (выражает орудие действия). Это дополнение соответствует русскому дополнению в творительном падеже без предлога.

The drying of materials is effected by a high-frequency current – сушка материала производится током высокой частоты.

Shafts are turned with cutters – валы обтачиваются резцами.

The note was written with a pencil – записка была написана карандашом.

В страдательном залоге нет времен Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous и Future Continuous in the Past.

 

Таблица форм глагола в страдательном залоге (The Passive Voice)

Группа времен	Настоящее (Present)	Прошедшее (Past)	Будущее (Future)	Будущее в прошедшем (Future in the Past)
Simple (Indefinite)	The house is built	The house was built	The house will be built	The house would be built
Continuous (Progressive)	The house is being built	The house was being built
Perfect	The house has been built	The house had been built	The house will have been built	The house would have been built

 

Упражнение 21. Прочтите следующие предложения. Найдите в предложении глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге и определите, к какой группе времен в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем относится глагол. Переведите эти предложения.

1. The house was built in 1895. 2. This problem can be solved. 3. The room is being cleaned now. 4. The room has been cleaned. 5. The USA is located in the central part of North America.

 

Упражнение 22. Назовите номера предложений, в которых сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге. Переведите эти предложения.

1. What problem is your department dealing with at present? 2. We are researching*¹⁹ into the problem of air pollution. 3. This problem is being given much attention to at present. 4. Very little research has been done in this field. *²⁰ 5. What were you doing yesterday afternoon? 6. I was hanging on the telephone for half an hour and couldn't get you. 7. An interesting and very important experiment was being made at that hour. 8. All of us were watching it. 9. Will you be making any experiment tomorrow afternoon? 10. No, we won't, but all the departments staff will be discussing the results obtained*²¹ yesterday. 11. The results of the experiments were recorded. 12. The program will be compiled in a few days.

 

Упражнение 23. Прочтите следующие предложения. Найдите в предложении глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге и определите, к какой группе времен в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем относится глагол. Переведите эти предложения.

1. All the other devices in the computer system, which can be connected to the CPU, are known as peripherals. 2. When your computer is turned off, it is a dead collection of metal. 3. This device was designed by our engineers last year. 4. Many jobs will be lost because of computers. 5. Date is fed into the computer's memory. 6. One of Babbage's reasons for abandoning the Difference Engine was that he had been struck by a much better idea. 7. More powerful microcomputers are gradually being produced. *²² 8. Nowadays computer development is rapidly progressing. 9. Some peculiarities of this procedure were noted. 10. Disk drives are used to read and write information. 11. The propeller theory was worked out by N.E. Zhukovsky. 12. The information hasn't been removed. *²³ 13. Bluetooth is used to connect  and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, personal computers, printers, digital cameras, etc. 14. The launch of the new device has been delayed until now. 15. The application is being tested for bugs at the moment.

Обратите внимание! Вспомогательный глагол to be в составе сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в страдательном залоге, может быть заменен вспомогательными глаголами to get и to become. Будучи вспомогательными для образования Passive Voice, глагол «to get» не переводится, а глагол «to become» переводится – становиться, начинать.

Only inner layer of electrons gets exited – только внутренний слой электронов приходит в возбужденное состояние.

I became engaged in problem of corrosion resistance – я начал заниматься (стал увлекаться) проблемой коррозионной устойчивости.

Упражнение 24. Прочтите и переведите предложения, содержащие трудные случаи перевода страдательного залога.

1. This problem was not considered. *²⁴ 2. I am invited to all the meetings. 3. Ann was offered this job. 4. The team was given satellite phones. 5. Many questions were asked correctly. 6. Questions can be asked and answered, but unfortunately the questions asked and those answered are frequently not the same. 7. The men were paid some money. 8 Have you been shown this device. 9. When I arrived at the hotel I was shown my room and offered a cup of tea. 10. We got involved in this process.

 

Упражнение 25. Перепишите предложения. Вместо употребления «somebody» или «they» напишите предложение в страдательном залоге.

Образец: Somebody has locked the computer – The computer has been locked.

1. They have postponed the conference. The conference ….

2. Somebody is using the computer at the moment – The computer...

3. I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation - I didn't realize ²⁵ that ….

4. They have built a new hospital near the airport – ….

 

Упражнение26. Преобразуйте следующие предложения действительного залога в страдательный залог и переведите их.

1. Electronic devices control the work of power station. 2. They calculate the trajectories of spaceships. 3. People discover new phenomena of nature due to electronic devices. 4. Memory is the part of the computer which stores both data and commands. Scientists designed a variety*²⁶ of tubes for specialized functions. 5. American scientists invented the transistor in 1948. 6. New types*²⁷ of integrated circuits²⁸ increased packing density. 7. Integrated circuits greatly reduced the size of devices. 8. Electronics has extended man's intellectual power. 9. Scientists a looking for new ways²⁹ for the improvement*³⁰ of integrated circuits technology. 10. Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrating device and built*³¹ the first IC in 1958.

 

Упражнение 27. Раскройте скобки и выберите глагол в требуемом залоге: действительном или страдательном. Переведите предложения.

1. Electronic devices (help/are helped) people to discover new phenomena in nature. 2. The transistor (replaced/was replaced) by vacuum tube thanks its numerous*³² advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out/were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devises (use/are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed/was performed) *³³ by means*³⁴ of vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect/is connected) with the number of discrete components*³⁵. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped/were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed/have been developed lately). 9. Computers (applied, are applied, are applying) for automatic navigation. 10. The programs (write, have written, are written) to help people in the use of the computer system. 11. As digital computers (count, are counted) quickly, they widely (use, used, are used) in business data processing. 12. It is known that an analyst (use, uses, is used) a computer to solve specific problems.

 

Упражнение 28. Заполните пропуск, выбрав подходящую форму глагола в страдательном залоге.

1. The basic statements of classical economy ________ by Adam Smith.

a) were formulated; b) was formulated; c) formulated; d) will formulate

2. Who ______ this book ______ by? – Its author is Mark Twain.

a) was … written; b) has … written; c) was… writing; d) were … written

3. The students _________ about the college regulations.

a) were telling; b) was told; c) were told; d)has told

4. What about the new theatre? – It _______ by the end of the year.

a) was constructed; b) will be constructed; c) has been constructed; d) will have been constructed

5. Much work ________ already ________ by this research center.

a) was … being done; b) has … been done; c) had … been done; d) was … done

 

Упражнение 29. Прочтите следующие предложения. Сделайте синтаксический анализ предложений в такой последовательности: а) простое/сложное; б) в сложном предложении отметьте границу между отдельными частями - запятые, союзы, союзные слова или отсутствие их; в) найдите в предложении (или в каждой части сложного предложения) сказуемое и подлежащее; г) определите, каким залогом выражен глагол-сказуемое предложения (действительным или страдательным); д) отметьте, какой группой времен представлен глагол-сказуемое (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous) и почему; е) обозначьте, в каком времени стоит глагол-сказуемое (Present, Past, Future и т.д.). Переведите эти предложения.

1. Some blind and partially sighted people use computer-based technology to gain access to printed information. 2. In 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes over the world. 3. Since 2006 another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs has taken place. 4. Users will be able to connect to the Internet via Wi-Fi. 5. Minicomputers are becoming less popular as microcomputers improve. 6. We have been solving the problem since 1993. 7. Up to this point we have been discussing information retrieval in general terms. 8. Two keys are usually employed, one to encode and the other to decode the information. 9. The separate elements of the building have been manufactured at different factories. 10. Computer Security techniques are being developed to protect single computers from accidental or intentional invasion of data by unauthorized individuals. 11. Science is the means by which the whole of our civilization is rapidly being transformed. 12. The new device will have been tested before the chief engineer comes. 13. Virtual reality techniques*³⁶ have been used to make a 3D model of the Planet Mars. 14. The computer industry has been extremely vulnerable in the matter of security. 15. By 1985 they had sold more than two million Apple II's.