The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.

The Berne Convention requires its signatories to recognize the copyright of works of authors from other signatory countries (known as members of the Berne Union) in the same way as it recognizes the copyright of its own nationals. For example, French copyright law applies to anything published or performed in France, regardless of where it was originally created.

In addition to establishing a system of equal treatment that internationalised copyright amongst signatories, the agreement also required member states to provide strong minimum standards for copyright law.

Copyright under the Berne Convention must be automatic; it is prohibited to require formal registration (note however that when the United States joined the Convention March 1, 1989, it continued to make statutory damages and attorney's fees only available for registered works).

 

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    The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)

On October 1, 2011, eight the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement negotiating partners signed what will become the highest-standard plurilateral agreement ever achieved concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

The United States, Australia, Canada, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, Morocco, and Singapore signed the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) at a ceremony on October 1, 2011, in Tokyo, marking an important step forward in the international fight against trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy. Representatives of the remaining ACTA negotiating parties, the European Union, Mexico, and Switzerland, attended the ceremony and confirmed their continuing strong support for and preparations to sign the Agreement as soon as practicable. The next step in bringing the ACTA into force is the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, or approval from each of the signatories. The agreement will enter into force following the deposit of the sixth such instrument.

Until now, this type of agreement is a wide range of opinions - from the US Chamber of Commerce, which welcomed its completion, to the group for the protection of digital rights. For example, the Industrial Association of Computer Engineering and Communications said that ACTA is too broad to enforce copyright laws, because different countries have different laws.

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         What is Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)?

Anti-Counterfeiting trade Agreement has been described in the Trade Mission of the United States as "the highest standards of the multilateral agreements reached until now, relating to the protection of intellectual property rights", which "will create an international model to effectively combat the global spread of counterfeiting and piracy ', which undermines legitimate trade.

The agreement contains provisions for the protection of intellectual property rights, including provisions on civil, criminal, and a digital boundary measures, robust cooperation mechanisms among ACTA Parties to assist in their efforts, and the establishment of best practices for the effective enforcement of intellectual property rights

From its inception, ACTA was intended to target the Internet and its users. One of the specific objectives for negotiating ACTA was to extend the existing international IP enforcement norms in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) to the online environment, and this is due to major US and EU copyright industry rightsholder groups seeking stronger powers to enforce intellectual property rights across the world.

ACTA contains several features that raise significant potential concerns for consumers' privacy and civil liberties, as well as pose threats to digital innovation and the free flow of information on the Internet.

 

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                                         Industrial design

The definition of "industrial design" appeared in 1919, "efforts" of the American designer Joseph Saynela. Although a large number of products made at the time, and it was quite functional, the appearance was just ugly, but the quality leaves much to be desired. The concept of industrial design did not have the full force until 1919, is an architect from Germany, Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus did not - a revolutionary industrial design school in Weimar (Germany). After World War I industrial design began to develop in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. And in the United States breeders are interested in this phenomenon in order to increase sales.

In the 20 years of this century Norman Bel Geddes designers, Henry Dreyfuss, Raymond Loewy and Walter Dorvin tag founded the first major studio to declare itself the industrial design. They attached great importance to not only the attractiveness of the product as its functional properties. They tried to destroy the extra decorations and details, simplifying the device components. Closing Bauhaus government in 1933 was the result of applying to many members of the flight school, who spread the ideas of functionalism throughout the West. Already in the mid 80s in the United States, there were several hundred companies specializing in industrial design.

 

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                                        Copyright

From a historical point of view, the first copyright law in the modern sense of the term, experts say the act, published in England in 1710, during the time of Queen Anne, which is reflected in its name - "Statute of Anne" ("The Statute of Anne "), this piece of legislation for the first time secured private author's right to the protection of published work against unauthorized use by others. The author was granted the exclusive right to authorize the reprinting and copying of his work for a limited time, a certain law. Protected, according to the "Statute of Anne", only books. The protection provided by the Statute, depended on many factors, namely the registration of authors of the works under his own name, and the deposit of nine copies of the work for universities and bibliotek.1

In those countries, where already in the XVIII century were adopted laws or decrees of the first copyright law, may be called as France, USA, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Spain. By the beginning of the XIX century, many States have adopted national laws on copyright, which subsequently reviewed and revised by new technical means and technological achievements.

 

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       Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.

The Berne Convention formally mandaded several aspects of modern copyright law, it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is “fixed”, rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.

The Berne Convention requires its signatories to treat the copyright of works of authors from other signatory countries (known as members of the Berne Union) at least as well as those of its own nationals. For example, French copyright law applies to anything published or performed in France, regardless of where it was originally ceated.

 

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                                               Copyright term

The Berne Convention states that all works except photographic ans cinematographic shall be copyrighted for at least 50 years after the author’s death, but parties are free to provide longer terms, as the European Union did with the 1993 Directive on hamonising the term of copyright protection.

For photography, the Berne Convention sets a minimum term of 25 years from the year the photograph was created, and for cinematography the minimum is 50 years after first showing, or 50 years after creation if it hasn’t been shown within 50 years after the ceation.

Countries under the older revisions of the treaty may choose to provide their own protection terms, and certain types of works (such as phonorecords and motion pictures) may be provided shorter terms.

If the author is unknown, because for example the author was deliberately anonymous or worked under a pseudonym, the Convention provides for a term of 50 years afer publication. However, if the identity of the author becomes known, the copyright term for known authors (50 years after death) applies.

     

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                                The Berne Convention Treaty

The first version of the Berne Convention treaty was signed on 9 September 1886, by Belgium, France, Germany, Haiti, Italy. Liberia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, and the United Kingdom.

Although the UK signed in 1886, it did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

The United States initially refused to become a party to the Convention, since that would have required major changes in its copyright law, particularly with regard to moral rights, removal of the general requirements for registration of copyright works and elimination of mandatory copyright notice. This led first to the U.S. ratifying the Buenos Aires Convention (BAC) in 1910, and later the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) in 1952 to accommodates the wishes of other countries.

But in March 1989, the U.S. Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 was enacted, and the U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty, making the United States a party to the Berne Convention. As of September 2014, there are 168 states that are parties to the Berne Convention. This includes 167 UN member states plus the Holy See.

 

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                                             Trademark

The first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19^th century. In France the first comprehensive trademark system in the world passed into law in 1857 with the “Manufacture and Goods Mark Act”. In Britain, the 1862 Merchandise Marks Act made it a criminal offense to imitate another’s trade mark ‘with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud’.

In 1875 the trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of trade marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark and registration of marks began on 1 January 1876.

In the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870. This statute purported to be an exercise of Congress’ Copyright Claue powers. However, the Supreme Court struck down the 1870 statute in the trade-Mark Cases later on in the decade. In 1881, Congress passed a new trademark act, this time pursuant to its Commerce Clause powers. Congress revised the Trademark Act in 1905.

     

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                         Trademark terminology

Terms such as “mark”, “brand” and “logo” are sometimes used interchangeeably with “trademark”. “Trademark”, however, also includes any device, brand, label, name, signature, word, letter, numerical, shape of goods, packing, colour or combination of colours, smell, sound, movement or any combination there of which is capable of distinguishing goods and services of one business from those of others. It must be capable of graphical representation and must be applied to goods or services for which it is registered.

Specialized types of trademark include certification marks, collective trademarks and defensive trademarks. A trademark which is popularly used to describe a product or service (rather than to distinguish the product or services from those of third parties) is sometimes known as a genericized trademark. If such a mark becomes synonymous with that product or service to the extent that the trademark owner can no longer enforce its proprietary rights, the mark becomes generic.

A “trademark” is an informal term for a characteristic look for a performer or character of some sort. It is usually not legally trademark protected and the term is not used in the trademark law.

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                           Computer Crimes and Torts

Cyber crimes are not literally defined within the judicial system because of the extent of inconsistencies and broad views of the law, rapid uodates with technology, and physical and virtual locations of websites, organizations, and users. More basically, cyber crimes are defined as any crime in which a computer or technological device is used as a medium to commit the crime. This concludes that cyber crimes can be committed without being connected to the Internet. However, most cyber crimes are committed over the web.

Cyber crimes are typically performed by hackers that use a tool or software as a means to gain confidential information and invade the privacy of the victim. Cyber crimes also involve attacks on computers, databases, and other systems. Cyber crimes can be committed in various forms such as spoofing, phishing, pharming, virus and worm attacks, Trojan attacks, information theft, hacking, denial-of-service attacks, and distributed-denial-of-service attacks.

Cyber torts are similar to cyber crimes in that the crime is committed using a computer or technological device. However, a cyber tort is a cyber crime that harms a particular person or persons as a result of the crime. Cyber torts involve defamation, cyber bullying, trespass to chattels, cyber stalking, and misrepresentation or fraud.

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                               Computer Crimes and Torts

The first truly comprehensive federal computer crime statute was the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (“CFAA”). The statute represented a complete rewriting of a 1984 statute which proved inadequate to the task of dealing with the problem of computer crime. This act amended Title 18 United States Code № 1030 to enhance penalties for the international “access” into “federal interest computers” for the purpose of committing certain types of criminal conduct.

The statute criminalizes six types of computer activities: the unauthorized access of a computer to obtain information of national secrecy with an intent to injure the United States or advantage a foreign nation; the unauthorized access of a computer to obtain protected financial or credit information; the unauthorized access into a computer used by the federal government; the unauthorized interstate or foreign access of a computer system with an intent to defraud; the unauthorized interstate or foreign access of computer systems that results in at least $1000 aggregate damage; and the fraudulent trafficking in computer passwords affecting interstate commerce.

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                                   Industrial Design

The definition of “industrial design” appeared in 1919, “efforts” of the American designer Joseph Saynela. Although a large number of products made at the time, and it was quite functional, the appearance was just ugly, but the quality leaves much to be desired. The concept of industrial design did not have the full force until 1919, is an architect from Germany, Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus did not – a revolutionary industrial design school in Weimar (Germany). After World War I indusrtial design began to develop in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. And in the United States breeders are interested in this phenomenon in order to increase sales.

In the 20 years of this century Norman Bel Geddes designers, Henry Dreyfuss, Raymond Loewy and Walter Dorvin tag founded the first major studio to declare itself the industrial design. They attached great importance to not only the attractiveness of the product as its functional properties. They tried to destroy the extra decorations and details, simplifying the device components. Closing Bauhaus government in 1933 was the result of applying to many members of the flight school, who spread the ideas of functionalism throughout the West. Already in the mid 80s in the United States, there were several hundred companies specializing in industrial design.

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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«РОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПРАВОСУДИЯ»

КРЫМСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ

Кафедра иностранных языков

 

Темы рефератов

по дисциплине: «Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности»

 

№	Наименование	Код
1	Способность совершенствовать и развивать свой интеллектуальный и общекультурный уровень.	ОК-3
2	Способность свободно пользоваться русским и иностранным языками как средством делового общения.	ОК-4

 

Рекомендации по подготовке

 Реферат – это самостоятельная научно-исследовательская работа обучающегося, способствует формированию навыков исследовательской работы, приучает критически мыслить. Требованиями, которых необходимо придерживаться при написании, являются полнота изложения, информативность, объективность и достоверность зафиксированных положений из первоисточника, корректная оценка материала. В средних специальных учебных заведениях под рефератами подразумевают тематические сообщения, подготовленные учащимися.

Методические указания по работе над рефератом содержат этапы работы над данным видом издания, которые включают:

§ выбор темы, актуальной по своему значению и оригинальной, интересной по содержанию;

§ подбор и изучение основных источников, необходимых при написании рефератов (доклада);

§ составление списка литературы;

§ обработку и систематизацию информации;

§ разработку плана реферата (доклада);

§ требования к его содержанию;

§ публичное выступление. 

Обычно реферат содержит три главные части: введение, основную часть и заключение. Его структура также обязательно содержит список использованных для подготовки нормативных и прочих источников. Такой элемент как приложение использовать необязательно. Текст всегда должен быть лаконичным, четким, отличаться убедительными формулировками и отсутствием второстепенных сведений. Объем реферата составляет 10 – 12 машинописных страниц. Текст выполняется на одной странице белого листа (формат А4). Страницы нумеруются вверху, в середине, за исключением титульного листа. Поля: верхнее и нижнее – 20 мм, левое – 30 мм, правое – 10 мм.

Компьютерный текст выполняется с полуторным интервалом, шрифт «Times New Roman», кегль 14.

На титульном листе указывается название учебного заведения, темы; курс, группа, форма обучения, фамилия и инициалы автора; ученая степень, должность, звание, фамилия и инициалы научного руководителя.

Оценка выполненной работы производится в соответствии с Методикой балльно- рейтингового контроля знаний студентов по дисциплине.

Темы для выполнения рефератов:

1.    International Cooperation in Criminal Matters.

2.    International Cooperation in Civil Matters.

3.    International Courts of Justice.

4.    Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

5.    Reference Document on the Crime of Aggression, prepared by the Secretariat.

6.    International Courts of Arbitration.

7.    The Role of Negotiation in the Professional Activity of a Lawyer.

8.    The Role of Negotiation in the Judicial Settlement by the Court.

9.    Judicial Ethics.

10.  Lawyer’s Duties and Responsibilities. Legal Specialization.

11.  Legal Documents.

12.  Types of Contracts.

13.  Trial Participants.

14.  The Difference between Criminal and Civil Cases.

 

 

Критерии оценивания:

 

Критерии	Баллы
студент дал полные и глубокие ответы на поставленные вопросы, показал глубокое знания по тематическим темам на иностранном языке.	«Отлично»
студент дал не полные и не глубокие ответы на поставленные вопросы, показал глубокое знания по тематическим темам на иностранном языке.	«Хорошо»
студент недостаточно полно ответил на поставленные вопросы, допустил поверхностное изложение тематических текстов на иностранном языке.	«Удовлетворительно»
студент не смог раскрыть поставленный вопрос/вопросы; допустил существенные пробелы в знании иностранного языка	«Неудовлетворительно»

 

 

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«РОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПРАВОСУДИЯ»

КРЫМСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ

Кафедра иностранных языков