Anatomy of Respiratory System

The cells of the human body require a constant stream of oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body’s cells by removing carbon dioxide.

There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration.

The airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system through which air moves. The nasal cavity is a hollow space within the nose and skull that is lined with hairs and mucus membrane which warm, moisturize, and filter air.

The pharynx, also known as the throat, is a muscular tunnel. It extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus.

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a short section between the pharynx and trachea.

The trachea is a tube which extends from the base of the larynx to the lungs, where it divides into two bronchi.

The bronchi are two tubes which begin at the division of the trachea. The left bronchus is slightly longer than the right one as it passes around the heart to reach the left lung. Each bronchus leads into a lung. Inside the lungs, the bronchi divide, and subdivide, into smaller numerous bronchioles. The bronchioles end in very fine alveolar ducts leading to the alveoli.

The alveoli, or air sacs, are the ends of the air passages. Each alveolus is closely surrounded by blood capillaries. There are over 700,000,000 alveoli in the lungs. The total surface of the alveoli is about 90 sq.m (square meters).

The lungs are paired, spongy organs located in the chest. The lungs are divided into lobes – the right lung has three lobes and the smaller left lung has two lobes. Each lung is enclosed in a membranous sac, or pleura. The lungs have many capillaries with the total surface of about 80 sq.m.

It is considered that in the adult the vital capacity of the lungs is about 3-4 liters.

 

3. Find the equivalents:

a single bronchiole	полость в носу и черепе
nasal cavity	короткий участок дыхательных путей
a hollow space within the nose and skull	варьироваться от … до…
external opening	удалять углекислый газ
a short section of the airway	быть окруженным кровеносными капиллярами
to be lined with hairs and mucus membrane	носовая полость
to range from … to…	простираться от … до…
to extend from … to…	одна бронхиола
to remove carbon dioxide	внешнее отверстие
to be surrounded by blood capillaries	быть выстланным волосками и слизистой оболочкой

 

4. Answer the questions:

1. What is the respiratory system responsible for?

2. What are the main parts of the respiratory system?

3. What is the nose lined with?

4. What is the pharynx?

5. What is another term for larynx?

6. Which bronchus is larger and why?

7. How many alveoli are there in the lungs?

8. What are the lungs? What is their vital capacity?

 

5. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

trachea larynx bronchus alveolus lung pleura nasal cavity

a) either of the two main branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs, where they divide into smaller branches; b) a membrane that encloses each lung and lines the chest cavity; c) either of the two saclike respiratory organs in the thorax of humans and the higher vertebrates; d) a tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air; e) any of the tiny air-filled sacs arranged in clusters in the lungs, in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place; f) a muscular and cartilaginous structure lined with mucous membrane at the upper part of the trachea in humans, in which the vocal cords are located; g) a hollow space located behind the nose.

6. Arrange sentences in the correct order to explain the term “lungs”:

The lungs are divided into lobes – the right lung has three lobes and the smaller left lung has two lobes.

The lungs are the main organs involved in the process of respiration.

The lungs are paired, spongy organs located in the chest.

Each lung is enclosed in a membranous sac, or pleura.

Respiration is a process which provides body with oxygen for growth and other metabolic activities and removes waste products in the form of carbon dioxide.

 

7. Write down organs in their appropriate position:

Bronchi, lungs, nasal cavity, oral cavity, trachea, pharynx.

The Digestive System

 

Figure 14. The digestive system

 

1. Learn the following new words:

Abdomen – брюшная полость

Alimentary tract – пищеварительный тракт

Anus – анальное отверстие

Caecum – слепая кишка

Colon – ободочная кишка

Digestive system – пищеварительная система

Duodenum – двенадцатиперстная кишка

Esophagus – пищевод

Ileum – подвздошная кишка

Jejunum – тощая кишка

Gallbladder – желчный пузырь

Gland – железа

Large intestine – толстый кишечник

Length – длина

Liver – печень

Musculomembraneous – мышечно - мембранный

 Oral cavity – ротовая полость

Pancreas – поджелудочная железа

Palate – нёбо

Rectum – прямая кишка

Salivary glands – слюнные железы

Small intestine – тонкий кишечник

Stomach – желудок

Tube – трубка

 

2. Translate the following word combinations from English into Russian:

To extend from the oral cavity to the anus, the first division, to pass through the pharynx to the esophagus, the upper part of the abdomen, to be composed of, a thin-walled muscular tube, to absorb water, the largest gland in the human body, a major role in metabolism, a number of functions in the body, a hollow sac, a long thin gland.

 

3. Put words in the appropriate column:

Parts of the cardiovascular system

Parts of the digestive system

Ileum, heart, vessel, anus, jejunum, artery, duodenum, tongue, vein, pharynx, stomach, capillary, esophagus, intestine, aorta, atria, rectum, oral cavity, salivary glands, mouth, chamber, caecum, colon, teeth, ventricle.

 

4. Read and translate the text: