IV.                               What do you call it?

II. PEOPLE AND POPULATION

GENERAL TEXTS

India

 

In population figures India ranks second in the world after the People’s Republic of China. Current population of India in 2010 is around 1.19 billion people. By 2030, the population of India will be largest in the world estimated to be around 1.53 billion. There has been rapid increase in Indian population in the last 60 years. India`s population holds the common appellation of Indians, but it is composed of many nationalities speaking different tongues. The most widespread of the latter are the Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and Tamil languages.

The people inhabiting the southern part of the peninsula of Hindustan are distinguished by a darker skin and speak the Dravidian languages.

Hindi is the official language of the state. The English language is also widespread in India.

Already containing 17.31% of the world’s population, India is projected to be the world’s most populous country by 2025, surpassing China. The average density of population in India amounts to 250 people per 1 sq. km. The most densely populated regions are the valley of the Ganges and the Hindustani seaboard. In the valley of the Ganges there are over 900 people and in the south-eastern part (in Bengal) about 2000 people per 1 sq. km. The inner regions of the Deccan tableland are more sparsely peopled. There is hardly any population in the Thar Desert and in the higher regions of the Himalayas.

The growth rate in the country is 1.54%, with 22 births and 6.4 deaths per 1000 people. Fertility rate is 2.72, while infant mortality rate is still high reaching 30.15 per 1000. Life expectancy is about 70 years – about 73 years for females and over 67 years for males.

Over 70% of India`s population live in the countryside and are engaged mainly in agricultural pursuits. There are many handicraftsmen among the urban population. The industrial development of the country results in an ever increasing number of workers employed in the factory industry. Indian villages are populous; they, for the most part, consist of huts built of bamboo and reed in damper regions and of clay and straw in drier once. India’s urban population totaling to 27.8% live in more than 5100 towns.

India has more than 2000 ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burmese). Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.

 

Exercises

I.                  Match the words in the first list with what is given in the second:

 

average to amount to seaboard handicraftsman pursuit ru­ral densely populated to result in

holding a position between two extremes to equal sea-coast man skil­led in weaving, woodwork, etc. to reach not of a city or town thickly peopled to bring about

 

II.                Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases:

плотный, средний, общий (удел, согласие, дело), городской, густо населенный, сельский, малонаселенный, беспрестанно воз­растающий;

берег моря (побережье, приморье), плотность, занятие, хи­жина, ремесло, тростник (камыш), солома, глина, уровень рождаемости, уровень смертности, рост населения, продолжительность жизни;

составлять (доходить до, равняться), занимать второе ме­сто, быть известным под общим названием «индийцы», характе­ризоваться (отличаться) чем-либо, кончаться (иметь результа­том), на 1 кв. км, быть занятым (заниматься) чем-либо.

III.                   Denote the following notions by a single word:

to take one's place among; the sea coastline; to be made up of; to become greater in number, size, etc; the second of two things or persons already mentioned.

India

India is a country of an ancient culture. Long before our era its population was engaged in arable farming and various other trades. Many articles of Indian handicraft (textiles, weapons, ornaments, etc.) as well as the produce of arable farming, such as spices, were exported. Ancient Indians had a written language of their own. It was centuries ago that beautiful palaces and temples, which are remarkable works of art, were erected. The Taj Mahal mausoleum at Agra enjoys a world-wide fame as an architectural “pearl of India"; it is built of white marble and ornamented with precious stones. True recognition and profound respect on the part of their contemporaries were earned by the outstanding man Gandhi and the famous novelist and poet Tagore.

Traditionally the population of the country was divided into high and low castes. "Pariahs", i.e. members of the lowest caste, were allowed to do only drudge work. Though the republican government of India issued a law abolishing the castes, the Indian population still follows this system of social stratification and social restrictions in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups.

 At the present time new schools are being opened and the standards of living and culture of the po­pulation are continuously raised. The average literacy rate in the country is quite high, amounting to over 70%, however, the percentage of people living below the poverty line is disastrous reaching 22%.

 

Exercises

I.            Be careful to pronounce the following correctly.

a) ancient, era, textile, weapon, mausoleum, pariah, caste, outcaste.

b) Agra, Tagore, Gandhi, Taj Mahal.

II. Denote the following notions by a single verb:

to send (goods) to another country; to make beautiful; to se­parate into parts; to move from a lower to a higher level.

III. Give the English equivalents of the following Russian nouns and adjectives:

изделие, ремесло, украшение, оружие, продукция (продукт), пряности, храм, мавзолей, жемчужина, мрамор, слава, призна­ние, уважение, современник, обнищание, население, пария, угне­тение, замечательный, архитектурный, глубокий, выдающийся, зна­чительный, древний, экономический, колониальный.

IV. Translate the following phrases into English:

пахотное земледелие, текстильное изделие, произведение ис­кусства, драгоценные камни, писатель-романист, тяжелая (фи­зическая) работа, распространение знаний, культурный уро­вень, уровень жизни, черта бедности, эндогамные группы населения, стратификация общества.

V. Give a word opposite in meaning to:

modern, rural, literate, minority, to lower.

VI. Give a word similar in meaning to:

to permit, to build, to publish, to delay, to prevent (obstruct), adornment, cen­tenary, labour, glory, tyranny, dissemi­nation, epoch, extraordinary, prominent, deep, continuously.

General Exercises

Iran

In 1935 the name "Iran" was officially adopted for the count­ry known as Persia for many hundreds of years. The people who are generally known as Persians are of mixed origin. There are Turkish and Arab elements in the country in addition to Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Georgians, etc.

The population of the country increased dramatically during the later half of the 20^th century, reaching about 72 million by 2008. In recent years, however, Iran’s birth rate has dropped significantly. Studies project that Iran’s rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilizes above 90 million by 2050. More than two thirds of the population is under the age of 30, with one quarter being 15 years of age or younger. The literacy rate was 80% in 2007. Iran is ethnically and linguistically diverse, with some cities, such as Teheran, bringing various ethnic groups together.

Iran exhibits one of the steepest urban growth rates in the world, according to the UN information. As it was estimated in 2005 approximately 67% of Iran’s population live in urban areas, up from 27% in 1950. The most densely populated districts (more than 200 people per square mile, in some places up to 500 people) are a narrow belt along the Caspian coast. The principal cities and towns are located here. In the other areas of the country the density of the population is lower, reducing the average density of population in the country down to 30 people per square mile.

Death rate is nearly three times as low as birth rate in the country (5.9 and 16.8 per 1000 people respectively), though fertility rate is below 2.0 (1.89). The average life expectancy is reaching 71 (over 69 for males and over 72 for females).

Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with more than million refugees, mostly from Afghanistan (80%) and Iraq (10%).

Turkey

Modern Turkey spans bustling cosmopolitan centers, pastoral farming villages, barren wastelands, peaceful Aegean coastlines, and steep mountain regions. More than half of Turkey's population live in urban areas that juxtapose Western lifestyles with traditional-style mosques and markets.

As to the ethnic groups living in Turkey, it would be appropriate to mention that this is a highly debateful and difficult issue. The Oghuz tribes, which used to constitute the majority of the reigning fraction of Turkic people in Anatolia, gained dominance in the region not by their high populations but their superiority in warfare. So, initially Turkic people lived as a minority in many regions that they first captured. Anatolia, which was formerly a part of the Roman Empire was (and still is) especially an ethnically very mixed region. It is, therefore, impossible to speak about a pure Turkish race in the tangled ethnic mix of Anatolia.

Moreover, many non-Turkic tribes have accepted the Turkish race as their ethnical identity and the Turkish language as their native language in the past centuries. In Turkey, it is not surprising to notice blond and blue-eyed individuals within the dominant black-haired, Mediterranean-looking mass. The Kurds, living mainly in the eastern and south-eastern provinces, are differentiated from the rest of the people by their height.

For this reason, it is not only difficult but also scientifically inappropriate to classify people in Turkey as those coming from Turkic origin and others. The truth is more complicated than that. In this context, the genuinely Turkic people are individuals named as Central Asian Turks (including Tatars), most of whom have possibly come to the region by Mongol invasion long after the initial Oghuz tribes conquered and melted in the local population.

The greater part of the country's population lives near the coast, where the main trading centres are located. There the density varies from 75 to 400 people per square mile. In the central plateau and in the mountains of eastern Turkey, the density is from 1 to 25 people per square mile. On the edge of the plateau, in western Turkey and in the southern coastlands the density varies from 25 to 200 people per square mile.

 

Thailand

Thailand's population is relatively homogeneous. More than 85% speak a dialect of Thai and share a common culture. This core population includes the central Thai (33.7% of this population, including Bangkok), northeastern Thai (34.2%), northern Thai (18.8%), and southern Thai (13.3%). Ethnic Malay Muslims comprise a majority in the three southernmost provinces.
The language of the central Thai population is the language taught in schools and used in government. Lao, or “Isaan dialect” is spoken widely in northeastern Thailand; several other Thai dialects are spoken among smaller groups, such as the Shan, Lue, and Phutai.
Up to 12% of Thai are of significant Chinese heritage, but the Sino-Thai community is the best integrated in Southeast Asia. Other groups include the Khmer in border provinces with Cambodia; the Mon, who are substantially assimilated with the Thai; and the Vietnamese. Smaller mountain-dwelling tribes, such as the Hmong, Mein, and the Karen, number about 788,024.
The population is mostly rural, concentrated in the rice-growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. However, as Thailand continues to industrialize, its urban population--31.6% of total population, principally in the Bangkok area--is growing.
Thailand's highly successful government-sponsored family planning program has resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1% in 1960 to less than 1% today. Life expectancy also has risen, a positive reflection of Thailand's public health efforts. Thailand’s model intervention programs in the 1990s also averted what could have been a major AIDS epidemic. Even so, today, approximately 1.4% of the adult population lives with HIV/AIDS.

 

II. Translate into English:

Бирма

Бирма — многонациональное государство. Основную массу населения составляют бирманцы — один из самых древних на­родов Азии.

В далеком прошлом бирманский народ уже имел свою раз­витую культуру. Много столетий назад были созданы велико­лепные архитектурные памятники.

Средняя плотность населения составляет около 75 человек на 1 кв. км., одна из самых низких в Юго-Восточной Азии. Самые густонаселенные районы — долина Ирра-вади и побережье. Подавляющее большинство населения (67%) живет в сельской местности и занимается сельским хозяйством, охотой и рыболовством, хотя темпы урбанизации населения достаточно высоки и составляют примерно 3% в год.

Жилища бирманцев строятся в основном из дерева, во мно­гих районах можно увидеть постройки с бамбуковыми стенами и крышами из пальмовых листьев.

Национальная одежда бирманцев — кусок ткани, обернутый вокруг бедер, и короткая белая куртка; мужчины и женщины одеты одинаково. Излюбленная пища бирманцев — рыба с на­перченным рисом.

 

Aids: многонациональный — multinational; бирманцы — the Burmese; нацио­нальная одежда — national garment; обернуть вокруг бедер — to wrap round the hips.

 

Пакистан

Пакистан — многонациональная страна и одна из самых больших по численности стран мира. По некоторым прогнозам, при нынешних темпах население страны может достичь более 200 млн. человек к 2020 году. Наиболее населен­ной частью является долина реки Инд в Восточном Пакистане. Средняя плотность населения в стране свыше 130 человек на кв. км., а в некоторыхрайонах, прилегающих к Индии, может до­стигать 1000 человек на 1 кв. км. В Западном Пакистане доволь­но большая плотность населения в Пенджабе, остальные райо­ны мало населены. В горных районах и в полупустынях живут племена кочевников.

Большая часть городов и деревень расположена в плодород­ных долинах, обычно там, где скрещиваются древние торговые пути. Это — центры торговли и ремесленного производства.

Около 64% населения Пакистана живет в сельской местности и занимается земледелием и животновод­ством. Значительная часть сельского населения неграмотна, тогда как в целом по стране уровень грамотности составляет 50% (64% для мужчин и 36% для женщин).

В стране большинство населения исповедует ислам.

 

ADDITIONAL TEXTS

Africa

The population of Africa has grown exponentially over the past century, and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in most African countries. The population doubled in the period 1982–2009 and quadrupled from 1955–2009, according to the United Nations estimates. The total population of Africa is presently estimated at 1 billion. The most populous African country is Nigeria with 148 million people, followed by Egypt (79 million) and Ethiopia (78 million). There are numerous anomalies discernible in the overall pat­tern of the distribution of population in Africa. While the effect of aridity is quite apparent, say, in the low population of the Sahara desert, the steppes of East Africa and the Kalahari, other areas with dry seasons have unexpectedly high densities. Savanna lands, with longer rainy seasons, typically have lower densi­ties than the steppes. Rainy tropical areas show great variation, parts of the West African belt being densely populated, while the bulk of the rainforest belt near the Gulf of Guinea has low den­sities.

Many African countries, among them Ethiopia, Liberia, Burundi, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagaskar and Burkina Faso have annual population growth rates above 3%. More than 40% of the population are below 15 years in most sub-Saharan countries, as well as the Sudan but with the exception of South Africa, with as many as 50% in Uganda (as compared to 20% in the USA). Infant mortality is high, with up to 190 deaths per 1,000 live births in Angola, and between 25% and 50% malnourished in Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique and other countries. Thirty-four out of fifty-three African countries are counted among the world's least developed countries. HIV/AIDS is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, with some 11% of adult population infected and an estimated 2 million deaths caused by AIDS in 2005.

Ethnographers do not agree regarding the classification of African ethnic groups. But whatever the correct groupings may be, there is no question regarding the variety of peoples of the African continent, a variety far greater than in other parts of the world. Thus, in sub-Saharan Africa, speakers of Bantu languages (part of the Niger-Congo family) are the majority in southern, central and east Africa proper. This is due to the massive Bantu expansion from West Africa. But there are also several Neolitic groups in East Africa, and a few remaining indigenious Khoisan ('San' or 'Bushmen') and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon and southern Somalia. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "Hottentots") have long been present. The San are physically and genetically distinct from other Africans and are the pre-Bantu indigenous people of southern and eastern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous people of central Africa.

South Africa has the largest populations of Europeans, Indians and Coloureds in Africa. The term "Coloured" is used by persons of mixed race in South Africa and Namibia to describe their ethnicity (In Africa this term does not carry the derogatory connotations that it does in North America). People of Europen descent in South Africa include the Africaners and a sizable populations of Anlo-Africans and Portugese Africans. Madagskar's population is predominantly of mixed Austronesian (Pacific Islander) and African origin. The area of southern Sudan is inhabited by the Neolitic people.

The peoples of North Africa comprise two main groups: Berber and Arabic-speaking peoples in the west, and Egyptians in the east. The Arabs, who arrived from Asia in the seventh century, introduced the Arabic language and Islam to North Africa. The Semitic Phoenicians, the European Greeks, Romans, Vandals and Pied-noir settled in North Africa as well. The indigenous Berbers still make up the majority in Morocco, while they are a significant minority within Algeria, which is now a majority Arabic-speaking country. They are also still present in small numbers in Tunisia and Libya. The Tuareg (a group of Berbers) and other nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. Nubians are originally a Nilo-Saharan-speaking group (though many also speak Arabic now), who developed an ancient civilisation in northeast Africa.

During the past century or so, small but economically important colonies of Lebanese, Indians and Chinese have also developed in the larger coastal cities of West and East Africa, respectively.

Japan

 

Japan is a land of high population density. The population of Japan stands at 127.7 million people. Japan's population density is 336 persons per square kilometer according to the United Nations World Populations Prospects Report as of July 2005. It ranks 32nd in a list of countries by population density, ranking directly above India (336 per km²) and directly below Belgium (341 per km²). Between 1955 and 1989, land prices in the six largest cities increased by 15% (+12% a year). Urban land prices generally increased 40% from 1980 to 1987; in the six largest cities, the price of land doubled over that period. For many families, this trend put housing in central cities out of reach.The density is not relatively high compared with some industrialized countries of the world, but considering the prevai­ling importance of agriculture and the limited area of arable land (about 15% of the total), a severe population problem arises. The future of Japan may well depend on how this population problem is solved. In contrast to the highly congested lowlands, many mountainous areas show remarkably small populations and these are tending to decline. This is in part due to the rugged character of the terrain but more to the traditional dependence on rice paddies and the increasing capacity of the lowlands, because of growing industrialization, to support large populations.

Japan is an urban society with about only 5% of the labour force engaged in agriculture. Many farmers supplement their income with part-time jobs in nearby towns and cities. About 80 million of the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific shore of Honshu. Metropolitan Tokyo-Yokohama, with 35,000,000 people, is the world's most populous city. Japan faces the same problems that confront urban industrialized societies throughout the world: over-crowded cities and congested highways. The result is lengthy commutes for many workers; daily commutes of two hours each way are not uncommon in the Tokyo area. After a decade of declining land prices, residents have been moving back into central city areas (especially Tokyo's 23 wards), as evidenced by 2005 census figures. National and regional governments devote resources to making regional cities and rural areas more attractive by developing transportation networks, social services, industry, and educational institutions in attempts to decentralize settlement and improve the quality of life. Nevertheless, major cities, especially Tokyo, Yokohama and Chiba and, to a lesser extent, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe, remain attractive to young people seeking education and jobs.

Japan is nowadays facing a sharp decline in its populations as the population growth rate in the country is as low as 0.15%. Late marriages and more working women are the primary two reasons for the reduced births in Japan. The country has a low fertility rate of 1.36 as compared to 2.10 in the USA and 1.98 in France.This has negatively impacted the growth prospects of the country. Longer life expectancy of over 80 years (with 77 and 84 years for males and females respectively) and low birth rates mean that the Japanese population is aging at a higher rate.

Japan was populated primarily from the mainland, and the majority of the people belong to the Mongoloid stock and exhi­bit few traits by which they can easily be distinguished from va­rious other Mongoloid groups. Of minority ethnic groups in Japan, the Ainu constitute the most notable. They are distinctive in physical type as well as culture and language. Their origin is unknown. Besides, there are minority elements in the population that represent mixtures with the aboriginal Ainu of northern Japan. The Japanese are classed among short-statured peoples, but rather remarkable changes in physique occurred in the 20th cen­tury; the average stature of the male population has risen to nearly 163 cm. The change has been attributed to improved diet and medical care, exercise and freer circulation resulting from the decrease in the habit of sitting on the floor with the legs buck­led under. The urban population is, on the average, taller than the rural.

 

 

Libya

Libya has a small population residing in a large land area. Population density is about 50 persons per km² in the two northern regions of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, but falls to less than one person per km² elsewhere. Ninety percent of the people live in less than 10% of the area, primarily along the coast. About 88% of the population is urban, mostly concentrated in the two largest cities, Tripoli, Benghazi and Al-Bayda. 50% of the population is estimated to be under age 15.

Native Libyans are primarily Berbers, Arabized Berbers, ethnic Arabs (mainly tribal desert Arabs "Bedouins"), and Tuaregs. Small Hausa, and Tebu tribal groups in southern Libya are nomadic or seminomadic. Libya is home to a large illegal population which numbers more than one million. Libya has a small Italian minority. Previously, there was a visible presence of Italian settlers, but many left after independence in 1947 and many more left after the rule of Muammar al-Gaddafi in 1970.

The main language spoken in Libya is Arabic (Libyan dialect) by 80% of the Libyans, and Modern Standard Arabic is also the official language; the Tamazight (the Amazight language) spoken by 20% (i.e. Berber and Tuareg languages), which do not have official status, are spoken by Libyan Berbers and Tuaregs in the south beside Arabic language. Italian and English are sometimes spoken in the big cities, although Italian speakers are mainly among the older generation.

Family life is important for Libyan families, the majority of which live in apartment blocks and other independent housing units, with precise modes of housing depending on their income and wealth. Although the Libyan Arabs traditionally lived nomadic lifestyles in tents, they have now settled in various towns and cities. Because of this, their old ways of life are gradually fading out. An unknown small number of Libyans still live in the desert as their families have done for centuries. Most of the population has occupations in industry and services, and a small percentage is in agriculture.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

aborigines, aboriginal, aging of population, amount to, ancestor, arable farming, Aryan (Mongol) stock, birth control program, bulk of the population, Caucasian, caste, census, characteristics, constitute (v), dense, density (average-, overall-), descendant, diet, distinguishing trait, distribute (v) (evenly, unevenly), to be engaged in, estimate (v), estimated at, ethnicity, ethnic minority, ethnic variety, ethnographer, exceed, garment, handicraft, handicraftsman, human dwellings, illiterate, indigenous, inhabit, location, merge (v), mode (walk) of life, national, nationality, multinational, nation-wide, nomad, nomadic, one child policy, peopled (thickly, thinly, densely, sparsely), population (rural, urban, nomadic), populated (densely, sparsely, thinly, thickly), over-populated, populous, poverty line, province, pursuit, remnants, remote past, reside, roam, rural, settle, sources of livelihood, standards of living, ~of culture, survive, tribe, tribal, urban, wander.

 

 

II. PEOPLE AND POPULATION

GENERAL TEXTS

India

 

In population figures India ranks second in the world after the People’s Republic of China. Current population of India in 2010 is around 1.19 billion people. By 2030, the population of India will be largest in the world estimated to be around 1.53 billion. There has been rapid increase in Indian population in the last 60 years. India`s population holds the common appellation of Indians, but it is composed of many nationalities speaking different tongues. The most widespread of the latter are the Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and Tamil languages.

The people inhabiting the southern part of the peninsula of Hindustan are distinguished by a darker skin and speak the Dravidian languages.

Hindi is the official language of the state. The English language is also widespread in India.

Already containing 17.31% of the world’s population, India is projected to be the world’s most populous country by 2025, surpassing China. The average density of population in India amounts to 250 people per 1 sq. km. The most densely populated regions are the valley of the Ganges and the Hindustani seaboard. In the valley of the Ganges there are over 900 people and in the south-eastern part (in Bengal) about 2000 people per 1 sq. km. The inner regions of the Deccan tableland are more sparsely peopled. There is hardly any population in the Thar Desert and in the higher regions of the Himalayas.

The growth rate in the country is 1.54%, with 22 births and 6.4 deaths per 1000 people. Fertility rate is 2.72, while infant mortality rate is still high reaching 30.15 per 1000. Life expectancy is about 70 years – about 73 years for females and over 67 years for males.

Over 70% of India`s population live in the countryside and are engaged mainly in agricultural pursuits. There are many handicraftsmen among the urban population. The industrial development of the country results in an ever increasing number of workers employed in the factory industry. Indian villages are populous; they, for the most part, consist of huts built of bamboo and reed in damper regions and of clay and straw in drier once. India’s urban population totaling to 27.8% live in more than 5100 towns.

India has more than 2000 ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burmese). Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.

 

Exercises

I.                  Match the words in the first list with what is given in the second:

 

average to amount to seaboard handicraftsman pursuit ru­ral densely populated to result in

holding a position between two extremes to equal sea-coast man skil­led in weaving, woodwork, etc. to reach not of a city or town thickly peopled to bring about

 

II.                Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases:

плотный, средний, общий (удел, согласие, дело), городской, густо населенный, сельский, малонаселенный, беспрестанно воз­растающий;

берег моря (побережье, приморье), плотность, занятие, хи­жина, ремесло, тростник (камыш), солома, глина, уровень рождаемости, уровень смертности, рост населения, продолжительность жизни;

составлять (доходить до, равняться), занимать второе ме­сто, быть известным под общим названием «индийцы», характе­ризоваться (отличаться) чем-либо, кончаться (иметь результа­том), на 1 кв. км, быть занятым (заниматься) чем-либо.

III.                   Denote the following notions by a single word:

to take one's place among; the sea coastline; to be made up of; to become greater in number, size, etc; the second of two things or persons already mentioned.

IV.                               What do you call it?

1. the total number of inhabitants of a town or country, etc.;

2. a name by which a person or thing is known or described;

3. the expression of thoughts or feelings in words;

4. a high, le­vel stretch of land;

5. the average number of offspring per one woman in a country;

6. the length of time that a person is expected to live;

7. a man who exercises manual art or trade.

V.                          Find in the text a word or words close in meaning to the following:

to reach, to live in, to employ, thickly populated, thin­ly peopled, wilderness, language, occupation, handicraftsman, various, arid, humid, chiefly.

VI.                              Give a word or words opposite in meaning to:

sparsely populated, dry, damp, rural, former, outer, to decrease.

VII.                 Give the derivatives of the following words:

dense, sparse, people, handicraft, to populate, to engage, to result, to employ, to increase, to distinguish.

VIII.               Answer the following questions:

1. What can you say about the number of population in In­dia? 2. What is the common name of India's population? 3. India is a multinational country, isn't it? 4. What do you know about the peoples inhabiting the southern part of the country and the Peninsula of Hindustan? 5. What is the state language of India? 6. What is the average of India's population? 7. What are the most densely populated regions of the country? What is the average density there? 8. Where are more sparsely peopled areas located? 9. What can you say about the urban and rural popula­tion of the country? 10. What can you say about Indian villa­ges?