Form adjectives of negative meaning by adding the prefix “in-“ (or its variants), “dis-“, “de-“:

direct, patient, complete, courage, moral, embody, legal, modest, correct, possible, responsible, resolute, figure, lodge, probable, liberal, forest, own, ability, partial, respective, material, mobilize

2. Write in English the following adjectives of negative meaning:

неопытный	независимый	невнимательный
нескромный	невежливый	обезоруженный
нелогичный	некорректный	децентрализованный
неприличный	неспособный	разъединенный
несовершенный	нелегальный	аморальный

Exercise 1 form new words use prefixes un-, in-, dis-, mis-, de-

1. Honesty, 2 Certainty, 3 Security, 4 Dependence, 5 Importance, 6 Employment,

7 Connection, 8 Activation, 9 Belief, 10 Ability

Exercise 2 use prefixes un-, in-, dis-, mis-, de-

1. an __friendly look 2  an __interesting book 3 an __natural colour 4 an __important task 5  6 an __possible answer 7  an __personal letter 8 an __definite article 9  an __correct answer 10 __direct speech 11 an __regular verb 12 an __responsible person

Exercise 1 form new words use prefixes un-, in-

Happy, lucky, attentive, capable, comfortable, known, dependent, clean, necessary, pleasant, expensive, human, popular, expressive, definite, real, countable, direct, convenient, accurate

exercise 3 fill in the table

adjective	Negative adjective	synonym
Friendly	Unfriendly	hostile

 useful, doubtful, expensive, correct, clean, interesting, natural, healthy, important, polite.

artificial, rude, dirty, cheap, wrong, boring, sick, insignificant

exercise 6 Choose the correct prefix to make negative forms of the adjectives.

1) He was short and overweight and generally fairly __attractive.

1. a) dis-; b) im-; c) in-; d) un-.

2) He’s a good teacher, but tends to be a bit __patient with slow learners.

1. a) un-; b) in-; c) im-; d) dis-.

3) It is an __logical statement, because if one part is true, then the other must be false.

1. a) dis-; b) il-; c) in-; d) un-.

4) It is __ polite to point at people.

1. a) dis-; b) im-; c) in-; d) un-.

5) My friend is very __responsible, he never does anything in time.

1. a) dis-; b) ir-; c) in-; d) un-.

6) He’s very __patient. He can’t work as a teacher.

1. a) dis-; b) im-; c) in-; d) un-.

7) He’s an __forgiving person. He never forgives people.

1. a) dis-; b) ir-; c) in-; d) un-.

II. Suffixation

 

A suffix is a a) word-building or b) word-forming morpheme following the stem.

a) to form (v) – formation (n), forma list (n),

forma lism (n), form er (n),

form al (adj.), forma tive (adj.),

formless (adj.), formal ly (adj.)

b) formers, n.pl.

forms, v.3-rd person sing.

forms, n. pl.

 

The Suffix -tion, -sion

 

The suffix -tion (-sion) is a suffix which is used to derive nouns from verb stems. The process of derivation is accompainied by an interchange of consonant [t], [s] – [S]; [d] – [Z]:

to educate – educa tion	to intrude – intru sion
to express – expres sion	to explode – explo sion

Sometimes vowel changes take place alongside letter dropping in the process of suffixation:

-sion (often corresponds to the Russian -сия)

ses sion – сес сия

mis sion – мис сия

To scan – scansion

To expand – expansion

to commit – commission (+consonant change)

To cohere – cohesion (irregular)

to repel – repulsion (+vowel change)

-tion (often corresponds to the Russian -ция)

section – секция

fiction – фикция

to act – action

to educate – education

to repeat – repetition (+vowel change)

to explain – explanation (+vowel change)

to prescribe – prescription (+consonant change)

 

Exercises

1. Underline the consonant and vowel changes in the derived nouns:

-sion

express – expression	divide – division
impress – impression	provide – provision
confess – confession	admit – admission
discuss – discussion	permit – permission
convert – conversion	persuade – persuasion
conclude – conclusion	televise – television
invade – invasion	repel – repulsion
commit – commission	expand – expansion

 

-tion

complete – completion	combine – combination
invent – invention	limit – limitation
attract – attraction	consider – consideration
except – exception	imagine – imagination
intend – intention	continue – continuation
describe – description	prepare – preparation
oblige – obligation	vary – variation
satisfy – satisfaction	realize – realization
perfect – perfection	present – presentation
select – selection	publish – publication
construct – construction	explain – explanation
separate – separation	prescribe – prescription
produce – production	reduce – reduction

 

2. Write corresponding nouns from the following verbs by adding the suffixes -tion, -sion:

-tion

describe, construct, educate, imagine, prescribe, select, satisfy, exhibit, continue, complete, expect, add, except, attract, translate, separate, intend, generate, consider, prepare

-sion

decide, discuss, divide, conclude, express, confess, impress, commit, comprehend, admit, persuade, televise, possess, profess, provide.

3. Write the verbs from which the following nouns are derived:

confession	commission	exhibition	intention	prescription
decision	production	repetition	obligation	persuasion
imagination	admission	imitation	invasion	provision

 

The Suffixes -ance/-ancy, -ence/-ency

The suffixes -ance/ancy or their variant forms -ence/ency are added either to verb or adjective stems:

to appear – appear ance	vacant – vac ancy
to depend – depend ence	excellent – excell ency

There is no uniform guiding principle to the use of -ancy, -ency but there are several generalizations which help distinguish between these suffixes in spelling.

ence		ance
verb ends in “r” preceded by a vowel letter and is accented on the last syllable	conference,occurrence,preference,transference, reference	verb ends in “r” preceded by a vowel letter and the accent is on the first syllable	severance, utterance, sufferance
verb ends in«-ere»	Adhere-adherence cohere-coherence interfere-interference revere-reverence	verb ends in «-y», «-ure», «-ear»	Apply-appliance comply-compliance vary-variance assure-assurance endure-endurance insure-insurance appear-appearance clear-clearance forbear-forbearance
cid», «fid», «sid», «vid»	Сonfid ence Evid ence Incid ence Resid ence	verb ends in«–ate»	Deviate-deviance dominate-dominance hesitate-hesitance tolerate-tolerance
Abs ence Afflu ence Audi ence Benevol ence Compet ence Consci ence Consequ ence Conveni ence Depend ence Differ ence Eloqu ence Excell ence Experi ence Influ ence Obedi ence Pati ence Preced ence Sequ ence Sil ence Viol ence		Abund ance Accept ance Acquaint ance Assist ance Circumst ance Disturb ance Fragr ance Guid ance Ignor ance Inherit ance Mainten ance Perform ance Resembl ance Resist ance Utter ance

 

 

Exercises

 

1. Insert the missing letters “a” or “e”:

a) an impud_nt rascal

turbul_nt passions

compet_nt knowledge

some new inhabit_nts

a convales_nt hospital

an appli_nce for opening tins

a dilig_nt student

an effici_nt secretary

a confid_nt smile

a clear utter_nce

 

b) 1. There is a dist_nt reseml_nce between the cousins. 2. There is a want of confid_nce in their government. 3. No admit_nce except on business. 4. At the confer_nce I met some old acquaint_nces of mine. 5. I was ignor_nt of one import_nt circumst_nce. 6. The perform_nce will begin at eight and the audi_nce will retire at ten. 7. The lady was dressed with eleg_nce and her appea_nce was all that could be desired. 8. I keep my refer_nce books near my desk for conveni_nce.

 

2. Find words related to the verbs given below and use them in sentences of your own:

resist, enter, reassure, annoy, signify, inherit, repent, abound, tolerate, forbear.

 

The Suffixes -able, -ible

 

The suffixes -able/-ible are Latin in origin. They came through French and are active in Modern English. They are added mainly to verbs to from adjectives, and sometimes to nouns or even phrases. Among them there are many adjectives borrowed from Latin or French:

audible,       edible

 

Guiding Principles

I. Use -able if:

1) the stem is a full word:

break/able

notice/able

fashion/able

pass/able

2) the stem is a full word lacking the mute “e”:

ador/able – adore	lik/able – like
advis/able - advise	endur/able - endure

3) the stem ends in “i” (the initial form usually has “y” at the end):

envi/able – envy	piti/able – pity
reli/able - rely	classify/able - classify

4) the stem ends in [k] -c or [g] -g

practic/able

amic/able

applic/able

navig/able

If the stem ends in [s] -c or [ ʤ ] -g, the final mute letter “e” is retained before -able:

notice/able – notice	service/able – service
peace/able – peace	change/able – change

5) there is a corresponding noun in -ation:

separ/able – separation	imagin/able – imagination
admir/able – admiration	irrit/able – irritation

II. Use -ible if:

1) the stem is not a full word:

aud/ible	vis/ible	horr/ible
Exceptions:	connect/ible	irresist/ible	perfect/ible	express/ible
	flex/ible	impress/ible	access/ible	resist/ible

2) the stem ends in -ns [ns] or -miss [mIs]:

sens/ible	admiss/ible	comprehens/ible
respons/ible	dismiss/ible	transmiss/ible

3) the stem ends in -c [s] or -g [ ʤ ]:

forc/ible	produc/ible	illeg/ible
convinc/ible	reduc/ible	intang/ible

Note: If the root word ends in “e”, as in “force”, the “e” is dropped before -ible.

4) the word has the corresponding form in -ion:

permiss/ible – permission	collect/ible – collection
access/ible – accession	perfect/ible – perfection

 

Exercises

1. Copy the following words under two headings: -able, -ible. See which generalizations can be applied to them:

terrible, responsible, reliable, defensible, lovable, durable, eatable, describable, excusable, demonstrable, pitiable, incorrigible, approachable, honourable, profitable, illegible, disagreeable, permissible.

2. Derive adjectives by adding suffixes:

-able		-ible
notice	prefer		convince	sense
value	notice		respond	terror
desire	change		express	vision
remove	agree		exhaust	resist
utter	like		divide	digest

3. Complete the following words using -able or -ible:

access-	express-	connect-	tax-
pass-	flex-	resist-	perfect-
impress-	comfort-	detest-	detect-

4. Fill in the blanks with -able or -ible:

1. She always found his smile irresist__. 2. The heat was quite unbear__. It would quite imposs__ to sleep with such a noise. 4. He laughed his most horr__ laugh. 5. His stories were remark__. It was the most sens__ remark that she had ever made. 7. The little girl looked very miser__. 8. His behaviour was hardly bear__.

5. Write down the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

A. 1. He felt that there was something incurable in the world’s suffering. 2 I didn’t forget that sense of anxiety and tension which had upset me during the night, but it became reasonable. 3. Augustus, my disreputable brother, is completely infatuated with her. 4. This separation was a great grief to me and I blamed myself for being incapable of that moral courage necessary to acknowledge the evil nature of man. 5. He would eat fresh fish for breakfast if available. 6. From the start, Palmer took it that something catastrophic and irrevocable had occurred.

B. 1. He was aware of an immense load of responsibility; it was indistinguishable from love. 2. Sometimes the pulsing of the drums was all but audible, at others they seemed to be beating only just round the comer. 3. But the minute hand of the electric clock above his bed jumped forward with an almost imperceptible click. 4. This was quite possibly true, but not, in the present circumstances, admissible. 5. She stood so, quiet and still, for a few moments; perhaps she was vaguely aware that the attitude was beautiful for her, and irresistibly appealing to George. 6. Dr M. West, a member of this distinguished group of workers on vocabulary selection, is responsible for the compilation of a work which will prove invaluable to all teachers of the English language

6.Fill in the blanks with the words given below:

adorable, imaginable, indispensable, disagreeable, reliable, suitable, valuable, unmistakable,

1. In my opinion she was the most … of all ladies. 2. They have warned the doctor, guarded their tongues, done everything … to prevent her from learning the truth. 3. He though of the … distance a man travels. 4. I hardly think that Mrs. Anderson is a very … person. 5. This dictionary has achieved international recognition as an … practical reference book to English as a foreign language. 6. The look she gave him was charged with an … terror. 7. He was looked upon by his superiors as a … officer. 8. His wrist-watch was a … thing made by a famous clock-maker.

7. Write in English. Mind the suffixes -able, -ible and the negative prefix in- (im-, il- accordingly):

Безответственный, невыносимый, непостижимый, невыразимый, незаметный, неизлечимый, неизмеримый, неразрешимый, неописуемый, невероятный, неспособный.