Use the link above to study the human skeletal system. Learn the vocabulary.

Focus on vocabulary

Use the link above to study the human skeletal system. Learn the vocabulary.

Vocabulary 1 (Лексический минимум 1)

skull /skʌl/ череп

cranial part /ˈkreɪ.ni.əl/ /pɑːt/ мозговой отдел

facial part /ˈfeɪ.ʃl/ /pɑːt/ лицевой отдел

maxilla /mækˈsɪl.ə/ plural maxillae /mækˈsɪl.iː/ верхняя челюсть

mandible /ˈmæn.dɪ.bəl/ PLURAL mandibles нижняя челюсть

cervical / ˈsɜːvɪkəl/ шейный; цервикальный

vertebra /ˈvɜː.tɪ.brə/ plural vertebrae /v ɜː tɪbrɪ/ позвонок

vertebral column /ˈvɜː.tɪ.brəl/ /ˈkɒl.əm/ позвоночник

thorax /’θɔ:rəks/ plural UK thoraces US thoraxes /ˈ θ ɔː.rə.sɪːz/ грудная клетка

thoracic /θəˈræs.ɪk/ грудной thoracic surgery (торакальная хирургия- хирургия органов грудной клетки; a thoracic surgeon - торакальный хирург – специалист по хирургии грудной клетки и средостения)

lumbar /ˈlʌm.bər/ поясничный

clavicle /ˈklæv.ɪ.kəl/ PLURAL clavicles = collarbone ключица

scapula /ˈskæp.jə.lə/ plural scapulae /ˈskæp.jʊ.liː/ or scapulas =shoulder blade лопатка

sternum /ˈstɜː.nəm/ plural sternums or sterna = breastbone грудина,грудная кость

ulna /ˈʌl.nə/ plural ulnae /ˈʌl.ni/ ulnas /ˈʌl.nəz/ локтевая кость

radius /ˈreɪ.di.əs/ plural radii/ ‘reidiai/ or radiuses лучевая кость

humerus /ˈhjuː.mə.rəs/ plural humeri /ˈhjuː.mə.rai/  плечевая кость

ilium /ˈɪl.i.əm/ plural ilia /ˈɪl.i.ə/ подвздошная кость, илиум

ischium /ˈɪs.ki.əm/ plural ischia /ˈɪs.ki.ə/ седалищная кость

pubis /ˈpjuː.bɪs/ plural pubes /ˈpjuːbiːz / лонная кость, лобковая кость

sacrum /ˈseɪ.krəm/ plural sacra /’sækrə/ or sacrums крестец

coccyx /ˈkɒk.sɪks/ plural coccyxes or coccyges /ˈkɒksaɪ.dʒiːz/ копчик

pelvis /ˈpel.vɪs/ PLURAL pelvises таз

phalanx /ˈfæl.æŋks/ plural phalanxes or phalanges / ˈfəlændʒiz/ фаланга

femur /ˈfiː.mə/ plural femurs or femora / ˈfəmərə/ = thighbone бедренная кость

patella /pəˈtel.ə/ plural patellae /pəˈtel.i/ or patellas   = kneecap надколенник

tibia /ˈtɪb.i.ə/ plural tibiae /ˈtɪb.i.iː/ or tibias большеберцовая кость

fibula /ˈfɪb.jə.lə/ plural fibulae/’fibjʊli:/ or fibulas малоберцовая кость

carpals /ˈkɑː.pəlz / ( carpal bones)кости запястья (carpal - запястная кость; запястный)

metacarpals / met.əˈkɑː.pəlz/ (metacarpal bones)пястные кости ( metacarpal - пястная кость; пястный)

tarsals /ˈtɑː.səlz/(tarsal bones) предплюсневые кости (tarsal adj. предплюсневой, тарзальный)

metatarsals / met.əˈtɑː.səl/ (metatarsal bones) кости образующие плюсну

(metatarsal adj. плюсневой, метатарзальный)

pelvic girdle /ˈpel.vɪk/ /ˈɡɜː.dəl/ тазовый пояс

 

Crossword puzzle                 The skeleto n

1 F

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Across: 3 3.the widest of the three bones that form the pelvis 5 5.the large bone at the front of the lower leg 6 6.the thicker of the two bones in the lower arm 7 7.the breastbone 8 8.the bone at the front of the knee joint 11 11.relating to the lower part of the back 12 12.the upper jaw bone that supports the upper teeth and forms part of the eye sockets and nasal cavity 13 13.one of the three main bones of the pelvis 15 15.relating to the neck 16 16.the bone between the shoulder and neck 17 17.a small bone at the base of the spine of humans and some apes

Down: 1 1.the long bone in the upper part of the leg 2 2.a long, thin bone in the lower part of your arm 4 4.the outer of the two bones in the lower part of the human leg 7 7.the shoulder blade 9 9.in humans and animals, relating to chest 10 10.one of the small bones that form the spine (= back bone) 12 12.in a person or animal, the lower jaw bone 13 13.any one of the small bones of the fingers and toes 14 14.a triangle-shaped bone at the base of the lower back above the coccyx (= a smallbone at the base of the spine)

Follow the link and watch the video. Answer the questions based on the video.

VIDEO FILE 1                       https://cloud.mail.ru/public/9jrc/imyFecjAy

 

The human skeletal system

1.How many bones are there in an adult, in a newborn baby?

2.What is the function of tendons?

3.What is the function of ligaments?

4.What is the strongest substance in a human body?

5. What are the main functions of the skeletal system? Describe each of these functions in brief.

6.Are human bones easy to break?

7. What happens if you break or fracture a bone?

8.In what way does your body repair broken or fractured bones?

9. In what way are bones classified by their shape?

10. What’s the smallest bone in the human body? What is its length?

11.What’s the biggest and the strongest bone in the human body?

12.What’s the human body part having the highest amount /əˈmaʊnt/ (количество) of the bones? How many bones are there in this part?

13.What’s the most fragile /ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/(хрупкий) bone in your body?

14.What’s the difference between bone and cartilage /ˈkɑː.təl.ɪdʒ/?

 

Notes

protective shield /ʃiːld/ защитный экран

to protect защищать

to repair восстанавливать, “ремонтировать”

to put a plaster around a fractured bone наложить гипсовую повязку

living cell живая клетка

to bend =to flex сгибать

to straighten выпрямлять

enamel /ɪˈnæm.l/ эмаль

tendon сухожилие

ligament связка

to move around двигаться

platelet /ˈpleɪt.lət/= thrombocyte /ˌθrɒmbəˈsaɪt/ тромбоцит

erythrocyte /ɪˈrɪθ.rəʊ.saɪt/= red blood cell эритроцит

bone marrow костный мозг

to store хранить, сохранять

leucocyte / ˈljuː.kə.saɪt/= white blood cell лейкоцит

fracture /ˈfræk.tʃə/ сущ.перелом; гл.сломать

sesamoid bone /ˈses.ə.mɔɪd bəun/ - сесамовидная кость (кости, расположенные в толще сухожилий и обычно лежащие на поверхности других костей;обеспечивают защиту сухожилий и удерживают сухожилия в некотором отдалении от центра сустава, увеличивая плечо силы).

irregular неправильной формы

flat плоский

eye socket /ˈaɪ ˌsɒk.ɪt/ глазница

haematopoiesis /hi:mətəʊpɔɪˈi:sɪs/(the formation of blood cellular components) кроветворение

sutural bone /suːˈtʃʊə.rəl bəun/ шовная кость (шовные кости располагаются по ходу швов между постоянными костями черепа)

What’s your score?

Read and translate.

The skeletal system

The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones. Bones act as the body’s warehouse for calcium, iron, and energy in the form of fat. Finally, the skeleton grows throughout childhood and provides a framework for the rest of the body.

The skeletal system in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones.

Skull
The skull is composed of 22 bones that are fused together except for the mandible. These 21 fused bones are separate in children to allow the skull and brain to grow, but fuse to give added strength and protection as an adult. The mandible remains as a movable jaw bone and forms the only movable joint in the skull with the temporal bone.

The bones of the superior portion of the skull are known as the cranium and protect the brain from damage. The bones of the inferior and anterior portion of the skull are known as facial bones and support the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Ribs and Sternum

The sternum, or breastbone, is a long, thin, knife-shaped bone located along the midline of the anterior side of the thoracic region of the skeleton. The sternum connects to the ribs by thin bands of cartilage called the costal cartilage.

There are 12 pairs of ribs that together with the sternum form the ribcage of the thoracic region.

Upper Limb

The humerus is the bone of the upper arm. It forms the ball and socket joint of the shoulder with the scapula and forms the elbow joint with the lower arm bones. The radius and ulna are the two bones of the forearm. The ulna is on the medial side of the forearm and forms a hinge joint with the humerus at the elbow. The radius allows the forearm and hand to turn over at the wrist joint.

The lower arm bones form the wrist joint with the carpals, a group of eight small bones that give added flexibility to the wrist. The carpals are connected to the five metacarpals that form the bones of the hand and connect to each of the fingers. Each finger has three bones known as phalanges, except for the thumb, which only has two phalanges.

Lower Limb

The femur is the largest bone in the body and the only bone of the thigh region. The femur forms the ball-and-socket hip joint with the hipbone and forms the knee joint with the tibia and patella. Commonly called the kneecap, the patella is special because it is one of the few bones that are not present at birth. The patella forms in early childhood to support the knee for walking and crawling.

The tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower leg. The tibia is much larger than the fibula and bears almost all of the body’s weight. The fibula is mainly a muscle attachment point and is used to help maintain balance. The tibia and fibula form the ankle joint with the talus, one of the seven tarsal bones in the foot.

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Note

Конструкции "as...as; not as...as"

The construction "as...as" indicates approximately the same degree. The constructions "not as...as; indicate a lesser degree and are less formal than the constructions with "less".

Конструкция "as...as" указывает приблизительно одинаковую степень. Конструкции "not as...as; not so...as" указывают меньшую степень и менее официальны, чем конструкции с "less".

Adjectives have a number of suffixes that signal that the word is an adjective. For example:	Прилагательные имеют ряд суффиксов, сообщающих, что это слово прилагательное. Например:
-ful: useful, beautiful;	полезный, красивый;
-less: careless, priceless;	неосторожный, бесценный;
-ous: curious, dangerous;	любопытный, опасный;
-ish: childish, greenish;	ребячливый, зеленоватый;
-able, -ible: valuable, credible;	ценный, правдоподобный;
-al: digital, official;	цифровой, официальный;
-ant, -ent: reluctant, different;	неохотный, разный;
-ic: dynamic, fantastic;	динамичный, фантастический;
-ive: active, sensitive;	активный, чувствительный;
-ly: timely, lovely;	своевременный, прекрасный;
-y: empty, sunny.	пустой, солнечный.

 

Adjectives have some prefixes that signal that the word is an adjective, for example, the prefixes "un, in, im, ir". unclear, unfriendly; inevitable, insincere; impolite, irregular.

Прилагательные имеют некоторые префиксы (приставки), сообщающие, что это слово прилагательное, например, префиксы "un, in, im, ir" (не): неясный, недружелюбный; неизбежный, неискренний; невежливый, нестандартный

Adverbs

A large number of adverbs have the suffix "ly" (simply, happily, probably, usually); some other adverbs have no suffix (fast, often, never, here, there).

Большое число наречий имеют суффикс "ly" (simply, happily, probably, usually); некоторые другие наречия не имеют суффикса (fast,often, never, here, there).

Note: Наречия, оканчивающиеся на –ly,образуют степени сравнения с помощью слов more,most frequently-more frequently-the most frequently; carefully-more carefully-the most carefully; прочие наречия либо не имеют степеней сравнения, либо используют суффиксы –er- est (подобно прилагательным) fast-faster-fastest;

Learn the irregular verbs

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Focus on vocabulary

Use the link above to study the human skeletal system. Learn the vocabulary.