Глава 12. Лобные доли и парадокс лидерства

 

1. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularuty of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1‑42.

2. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517; Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229‑276; Goldberg E. Rise and fall of modular orthodoxy // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1995. Vol. 17, № 2. P. 193‑208.

3. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № 1‑2. P. 99‑115.

4. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517.

5. Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

6. Nunn S., Stulberg A. N. The Many Faces of Modern Russia // Foreign Affairs. 2000. Vol. 79, № 2. P. 45‑62.

7. Simons M. In New Europe, a Lingual Hodgepodge // The New York Times. 1999. October 17. A4.

8. Ohmae К. The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Free Press, 1995.

9. Lewis P. As Nations Shed Roals, Is Medieval the Future? // The New York Times, 1999, January 2. B7, B9.

10. Kaplan R. D. Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House, 2000.

11. Kobrin S. J. Back to the future: neo‑medievalism and postmodern digital world // The Journal of International Affairs. 1998. Vol. 51, № 2. P. 361‑386.

12. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № P. 1‑2. P. 99‑115.

13. Kaplan R. D. Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House, 2000.

14. The Marx‑Engels Reader/ Ed. by E. D. Tucker. 2nd ed. New York: W.WNorton, 1978. Эта фраза в качестве лозунга в былые советские времена приобрела определённо садистский оттенок, отдаленно напоминая Arbeit Macht Frei («Труд освобождает» – надпись над воротами Аушвица). В 1968 году – году подавления «Пражской весны», – мрачная шутка ходила по Москве, что тогдашний президент Чехословакии, генерал Свобода, был переименован в генерала Осознанная Необходимость.

 

Эпилог

 

1. Spinoza В. Ethics / Trans. A. Boyle. London: Everyman, 1997.

2. Ibidem.

3. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № 1‑2. P. 99‑115.

4. Pitts W., McCulloch W. S. How We Know Universals: The perception of Auditory and Visual Forms // Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 1947. Vol. 9. P. 127‑147.

 

[1] В английском оригинале «chief executive officer» или сокращенно «CEO». – Примеч. пер.

 

[2] 1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self‑Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1‑9.

. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[3] 1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self‑Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1‑9.

. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[4] 1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self‑Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1‑9.

. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[5] Представители поколения «бэми‑бума» – демографического взрыва, последовавшего за резким ростом благосостояния в США после второй мировой войны. – Примеч. ред.

 

[6] 1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self‑Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1‑9.

. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[7] 1. После распада Советского Союза улицы и общественные места, названные в честь советских полубогов и юбилеев, были переименованы – в большинстве случаев им были возвращены предреволюционные названия.

 

[8] 1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот – он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi‑Ed Press, 1995.

. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[9] 1. Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1‑6. Paris, 1822‑1823.

. Kleist К. Gehirnpathologie. Leiptzig: Barth, 1934.

. Broca P. Remarques sur le‑siege de la faculte du language articule // Bull. Soc. Anthrop. 1861. Vol. 6.

. Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874.

. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349‑366.

. de Lacoste M. C, Horvath D. S., Woodward D. J. Possible sex differences in the developing human fetal brain // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1991. Vol. 13, № 6. P. 831‑846.

. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349‑366.

. Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right‑left; male‑female; young‑old; enriched‑impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261‑268.

. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left‑right asymmetries in temporal speech region // Science. 1968. Vol. 161, № 837. P. 186‑187.

. LeMay AL, Geschwind N. Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes // Brain. Behav. Evol. 1975. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 48‑52.

. Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220‑222.

. Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53‑63.

. Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male‑female, right‑left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186‑196.

. Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395‑400.

. Sholl S. A, Kim К L. Androgen receptors are differentially distributed between right and left cerebral hemispheres of the fetal male rhesus monkey // Brain Res. 1990. Vol. 516, № 1. P. 122‑126.

. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144‑173.

. Simon H. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

. Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.

. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144‑173.

. Обзоры компьютационных моделей нейронных сетей см.: Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Jacobs R. A, Jordan M. I. Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992, 4. P. 323‑336; Jacobs R. A., Jordan M. I., Barto A. G. Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: The what and where vision tasks // Cognitive Science. 1991. Vol. 15. P. 219‑250.

. Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

. Bever Т. G., Chiarello R. J. Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, № 150. P. 537‑539.

. Marzi C. A., Berlucchi G. Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals // Neuropsychologia. 1977. Vol. 15, № 6. P. 751‑756.

. Martin A., Wiggs C. L., Weisberg J. Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience // Hippocampus. 1997. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 587‑593.

. Henson R., Shallice T., Dolan R. Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming // Science. 2000. Vol. 287, № 5456. P. 1269‑1272.

. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3‑10.

. Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821‑825.

. Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1‑2. P. 134‑143.

. Berns G. S., Cohen J. D., Mintun M. A. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness // Science. 1997. Vol. 276, № 5316. P. 1272‑1275.

. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice‑related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26.

. Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71‑79.

. Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3‑10; Haier R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain. Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1‑2. P. 134‑143; Raichle M. E. et al. Practice‑related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8‑26.

. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularity of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1‑42.

. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517.

. Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229‑276.

. Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141‑187.

. Обзор см. в: Heilman K, Valenstein E. (Eds.) Clinical Neuropsychology. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

. Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467‑484.

. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517.

. Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

. Martin A. et al. Neural correlates of category‑specific knowledge // Nature. 1996. Vol. 379, № 6566. P. 649‑652.

. Warrington E. K., Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments // Brain 107, № Pt 3. 1984. P. 829‑854; McCarthy R. A., Warrington E. K. Evidence for modality‑specific meaning systems in the brain // Nature. 1988. Vol. 334, № 6181. P. 428‑430.

 

[10] 1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот – он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi‑Ed Press, 1995.

. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[11] 1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот – он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi‑Ed Press, 1995.

. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[12] 1. Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1‑6. Paris, 1822‑1823.

. Kleist К. Gehirnpathologie. Leiptzig: Barth, 1934.

. Broca P. Remarques sur le‑siege de la faculte du language articule // Bull. Soc. Anthrop. 1861. Vol. 6.

. Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874.

. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349‑366.

. de Lacoste M. C, Horvath D. S., Woodward D. J. Possible sex differences in the developing human fetal brain // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1991. Vol. 13, № 6. P. 831‑846.

. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349‑366.

. Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right‑left; male‑female; young‑old; enriched‑impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261‑268.

. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left‑right asymmetries in temporal speech region // Science. 1968. Vol. 161, № 837. P. 186‑187.

. LeMay AL, Geschwind N. Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes // Brain. Behav. Evol. 1975. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 48‑52.

. Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220‑222.

. Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53‑63.

. Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male‑female, right‑left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186‑196.

. Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395‑400.

. Sholl S. A, Kim К L. Androgen receptors are differentially distributed between right and left cerebral hemispheres of the fetal male rhesus monkey // Brain Res. 1990. Vol. 516, № 1. P. 122‑126.

. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144‑173.

. Simon H. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

. Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.

. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144‑173.

. Обзоры компьютационных моделей нейронных сетей см.: Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Jacobs R. A, Jordan M. I. Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992, 4. P. 323‑336; Jacobs R. A., Jordan M. I., Barto A. G. Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: The what and where vision tasks // Cognitive Science. 1991. Vol. 15. P. 219‑250.

. Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

. Bever Т. G., Chiarello R. J. Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, № 150. P. 537‑539.

. Marzi C. A., Berlucchi G. Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals // Neuropsychologia. 1977. Vol. 15, № 6. P. 751‑756.

. Martin A., Wiggs C. L., Weisberg J. Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience // Hippocampus. 1997. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 587‑593.

. Henson R., Shallice T., Dolan R. Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming // Science. 2000. Vol. 287, № 5456. P. 1269‑1272.

. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3‑10.

. Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821‑825.

. Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1‑2. P. 134‑143.

. Berns G. S., Cohen J. D., Mintun M. A. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness // Science. 1997. Vol. 276, № 5316. P. 1272‑1275.

. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice‑related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26.

. Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71‑79.

. Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3‑10; Haier R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain. Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1‑2. P. 134‑143; Raichle M. E. et al. Practice‑related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8‑26.

. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularity of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1‑42.

. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517.

. Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229‑276.

. Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141‑187.

. Обзор см. в: Heilman K, Valenstein E. (Eds.) Clinical Neuropsychology. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

. Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467‑484.

. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517.

. Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

. Martin A. et al. Neural correlates of category‑specific knowledge // Nature. 1996. Vol. 379, № 6566. P. 649‑652.

. Warrington E. K., Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments // Brain 107, № Pt 3. 1984. P. 829‑854; McCarthy R. A., Warrington E. K. Evidence for modality‑specific meaning systems in the brain // Nature. 1988. Vol. 334, № 6181. P. 428‑430.

 

[13] 1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот – он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi‑Ed Press, 1995.

. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[14] 1. Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1‑6. Paris, 1822‑1823.

. Kleist К. Gehirnpathologie. Leiptzig: Barth, 1934.

. Broca P. Remarques sur le‑siege de la faculte du language articule // Bull. Soc. Anthrop. 1861. Vol. 6.

. Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874.

. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349‑366.

. de Lacoste M. C, Horvath D. S., Woodward D. J. Possible sex differences in the developing human fetal brain // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1991. Vol. 13, № 6. P. 831‑846.

. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349‑366.

. Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right‑left; male‑female; young‑old; enriched‑impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261‑268.

. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left‑right asymmetries in temporal speech region // Science. 1968. Vol. 161, № 837. P. 186‑187.

. LeMay AL, Geschwind N. Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes // Brain. Behav. Evol. 1975. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 48‑52.

. Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220‑222.

. Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53‑63.

. Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male‑female, right‑left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186‑196.

. Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395‑400.

. Sholl S. A, Kim К L. Androgen receptors are differentially distributed between right and left cerebral hemispheres of the fetal male rhesus monkey // Brain Res. 1990. Vol. 516, № 1. P. 122‑126.

. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144‑173.

. Simon H. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

. Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.

. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144‑173.

. Обзоры компьютационных моделей нейронных сетей см.: Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Jacobs R. A, Jordan M. I. Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992, 4. P. 323‑336; Jacobs R. A., Jordan M. I., Barto A. G. Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: The what and where vision tasks // Cognitive Science. 1991. Vol. 15. P. 219‑250.

. Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

. Bever Т. G., Chiarello R. J. Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, № 150. P. 537‑539.

. Marzi C. A., Berlucchi G. Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals // Neuropsychologia. 1977. Vol. 15, № 6. P. 751‑756.

. Martin A., Wiggs C. L., Weisberg J. Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience // Hippocampus. 1997. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 587‑593.

. Henson R., Shallice T., Dolan R. Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming // Science. 2000. Vol. 287, № 5456. P. 1269‑1272.

. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3‑10.

. Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821‑825.

. Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1‑2. P. 134‑143.

. Berns G. S., Cohen J. D., Mintun M. A. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness // Science. 1997. Vol. 276, № 5316. P. 1272‑1275.

. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice‑related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26.

. Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71‑79.

. Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3‑10; Haier R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain. Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1‑2. P. 134‑143; Raichle M. E. et al. Practice‑related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8‑26.

. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularity of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1‑42.

. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517.

. Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229‑276.

. Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141‑187.

. Обзор см. в: Heilman K, Valenstein E. (Eds.) Clinical Neuropsychology. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

. Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467‑484.

. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489‑517.

. Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

. Martin A. et al. Neural correlates of category‑specific knowledge // Nature. 1996. Vol. 379, № 6566. P. 649‑652.

. Warrington E. K., Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments // Brain 107, № Pt 3. 1984. P. 829‑854; McCarthy R. A., Warrington E. K. Evidence for modality‑specific meaning systems in the brain // Nature. 1988. Vol. 334, № 6181. P. 428‑430.

 

[15] 1. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice‑related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8‑26.

. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3‑10.

. Jacobsen C. F. Functions of the frontal association area in primates // Archives of Neurological Psychaitry. 1935. Vol. 33. P. 558‑569; Jacobsen C. F., Nissen H. W. Studies of cerebral function in primates. IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesion on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1937. Vol. 23. P. 101‑112.

. Luria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

. Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain, part 1. / Ed. by F Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373‑417.

. Fuster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Fuster J. M. Temporal organization of behavior (Introduction) // Human Neurobiology. 1985. Vol. 4. P. 57‑60.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

. Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331‑349.

. Courtney S. M. et al. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 39‑49.

. Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331‑349.

. Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276‑296.

. Goldberg E. et al. Early diagnosis of frontal‑lobe dementias. Presented at the Eighth Congress of International Psychogeriatric Association, Jerusalem, Israel, 1997.

. См. обзор: Alzheimer's Disease / Ed. by B. Reisberg. New York: The Free Press, 1983.

 

[16] 1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Ibidem.

. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493‑1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998‑1008.

. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408‑415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202‑204.

. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul‑Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139‑153.

. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49‑57.

. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360‑412.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373‑417.

. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125‑140.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[17] 1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Ibidem.

. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493‑1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998‑1008.

. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408‑415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202‑204.

. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul‑Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139‑153.

. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49‑57.

. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360‑412.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373‑417.

. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125‑140.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[18] 1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Ibidem.

. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493‑1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998‑1008.

. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408‑415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202‑204.

. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul‑Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139‑153.

. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49‑57.

. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360‑412.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373‑417.

. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125‑140.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[19] 1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Ibidem.

. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493‑1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998‑1008.

. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408‑415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202‑204.

. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul‑Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139‑153.

. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49‑57.

. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360‑412.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373‑417.

. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125‑140.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[20] 1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Ibidem.

. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493‑1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998‑1008.

. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408‑415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202‑204.

. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul‑Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139‑153.

. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49‑57.

. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360‑412.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Goldman‑Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373‑417.

. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125‑140.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[21] 1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

. Ibidem.

. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493‑1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998‑1008.

. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408‑415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202‑204.

. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul‑Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139‑153.

. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49‑57.

. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360‑412.

. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott‑Raven, 1997.

. Goldman‑Raki