Языковые органы и грамматические гены

 

283. Статья в Ассошиэйтед пресс: 11 февраля, 1992. Килпатрик: Universal Press Syndicate, 28 февраля, 1992. Бомбек: 5 марта, 1992.

284–285. Брока: Caplan 1987. Язык расположен слева: Caplan 1987, 1992; Corballis 1991; Geschwind 1979; Geschwind & Galaburda 1987; Gazzaniga 1983.

285–286. Язык в левом полушарии и псалмы: пример из Майкла Корбалиса.

286–287. Язык влияет на сигнал, поступающий от электродов в черепе: Neville et al. 1991; Kluender & Kutas 1993.

286–287. Язык расцвечивает мозг: Wallesch et al. 1985; Peterson et al. 1988, 1990; Mazoyer et al. 1992; Zatorre et al. 1992; Poeppel 1993.

286–287. Язык, а не напоминающие его реакции на раздражение — слева: Gardner 1974; Etcoff 1986. Язык жестов — слева, жестикуляция — справа: Poizner Klima, & Bellugi 1990; Corina, Vaid, & Bellugi 1992.

287–288. Двусторонняя симметрия: Corballis 1991. Симметрия сексуальна: Cronin 1992.

288–289. Перекрученные хордовые: Kinsbourne 1978. Анатомия улитки: Buchsbaum 1948.

290–291. Асимметричные животные: Corballis 1991.

290–291. Асимметричный мозг: Corballis 1991; Kosslyn 1987; Gazzaniga 1978, 1989.

291–292. Левши: Corballis 1991; Coren 1992. Анализ предложения родственниками левшей: Bever et al. 1989.

292. Околосильвиева область коры как языковой орган: Caplan 1987; Gazzaniga 1989.

292. Афазия у Питера Хогана: Goodglass 1973.

292–293. Афазия Брока: Caplan 1987, 1992; Gardner 1974; Zurif 1989.

293–294. МРО и ТПЭ обнаруживают язык в левой передней части околосильвиевой области: Kluender & Kutas 1993; Neville et al. 1991; Mazoyer et al. 1992; Wallesch et al. 1985; Stromswold, Caplan, & Alpert 1993.

293–294. Анатомия афазии Брока: Caplan 1987; Dronkers et al. 1992. Болезнь Паркинсона и язык: Lieberman et al. 1992. Нелады с грамматикой у перенесших афазию Брока: Linebarger, Schwartz, & Saffran 1983; Cornell, Fromkin, & Mauner 1993.

294–295. Пациент с афазией Вернике: Gardner 1974.

295–296. Афазия Вернике и сходные афазии: Gardner 1974; Geschwind 1979; Caplan 1987, 1992.

295–296. Аномия: Gardner 1974; Caplan 1987. Человек без существительных: Baynes & Iven 1991.

296–297. Слова и ЭЭГ: Neville et al. 1991. Слова и ТПЭ: Peterson et al. 1990; Poeppel 1993.

297–298. Различные виды афазии у различных людей: Caplan 1987, 1992; Miceli et al. 1989. Потеря деривационной морфологии при сохранении словоизменительной морфологии: Miceli & Caramazza 1988.

298–299. Банананомия: Warrington & McCarthy 1987; Hillis & Caramazza 1991; Hart, Berndt, & Caramazza 1985; Farah 1990.

298–299. Аномалии и вариации в локализации языка: Caplan 1987; Basso et al. 1985; Bates, Thai, & Janowsky 1992.

299–300. Области зрения: Hubel 1988. Неврология: Gazzaniga 1992; см. также специальный выпуск Scientific American по теме «Разум и мозг», сентябрь 1992.

299–300. Стимуляция четко очерченных, но варьирующихся языковых точек: Ojemann & Whitaker 1978; Ojemann 1991.

300–301. Слова как втулки: Damasio and Damasio 1992.

300–301. Перемещение языкового центра в мозге младенцев: Curtiss 1989; Caplan 1987; Bates, Thai, & Janowsky 1992; Basso et al. 1985.

301–302. Функциональная MPO: Belliveau et al. 1991; Магнито-энцефалография: Gallen 1994.

301–302. Принцип действия нейронных сетей: McCulloch & Pitts 1943; Rumelhart & McClelland 1986.

302–303. Образование языка в нейронных сетях; McClelland & Rumelhart 1986; Pinker & Prince 1988; Pinker & Mehler 1988.

303–304. Развитие нейронов: Rakic 1988; Shatz 1992; Dodd & Jessell 1988; von der Malsburg & Singer 1988.

305–306. Трансгенная свинья: Brian Duffy, North America Syndicate.

305–306. Генетика заикания и дислексия: Ludlow & Cooper 1983. Генетика специфического нарушения речи: Gopnik & Crago 1991; Gopnik 1993; Stromswold 1994. Ошибки произношения у близнецов: Locke & Mather 1989. Грамматика у близнецов: Mather & Black 1984; Munsinger & Douglas 1976; Fahey, Kamitomo, & Cornell 1978; Bishop, North, & Donlan 1993; Развитие языка у усыновленных детей: Hardy-Brown, Plomin, & DeFries 1981.

306–307. Три поколения с СНР: Gopnik 1990a, 1990b, 1993; Gopnik & Crago 1991.

309–310. Универсальная человеческая природа и индивидуальная уникальность: Tooby & Cosmides 1990a.

310–311. Разлученные при рождении: Holden 1987; Lykken et al. 1992.

311–312. Генетика поведения: Bouchard et al. 1990; Lykken et al. 1992; Plomin 1990.

312–313. Язык Буша: The Editors of The New Republic 1992. Язык Куэйла: Goldsman 1992.

313–314. Языковые гении: Йоги Берра, из Safire 1991; Lederer 1987. Др. Зюс (Теодор Гейзел), «Вне зебры» («On Beyond Zebra» 1955). Набоков, «Лолита» 1958. Кинг, «Марш на Вашингтон» («The march on Washington» 1963). Шекспир, «Гамлет» акт 2, сцена 2.

 

Большой взрыв

 

315. Слоны: Williams 1989; Carrington 1958.

315–316. Дарвин объясняет языковой инстинкт: Pinker & Bloom 1990; Pinker 1995; Hurford 1989, 1991; Newmeyer 1991; Brandon & Hornstein 1986; Corballis 1991.

316–317. Коммуникация у животных: Wilson 1972; Gould and Marler 1987.

316–317. Неязыковая коммуникация и мозг: Deacon 1988, 1989; Caplan 1987; Myers 1976; Robinson 1976.

317–318. Гуа и Вики: Tartter 1986.

317–318. Сара: Premack & Premack 1972; Premack 1985. Кензи: Savage-Rumbaugh 1991; Greenfield & Savage-Rumbaugh 1991. Вэшу: Gardner & Gardner 1969, 1974. Коко: Patterson 1978. См. Wallman 1992, где представлен общий обзор.

318–319. Приятные ребята в животном царстве: Sagan & Druyan 1992. Цитата принадлежит эксперту журнала Parade, 20 сентября, 1992.

319–320. Ним: Terrace 1979; Terrace et al. 1979. Разоблачители языка обезьян: Terrace et al. 1979; Seidenberg & Petitto 1979; Petitto & Seidenber 1979; Seidenberg 1986; Seidenberg & Petitto 1987; Petitto 1988; См. Wallman 1992, где представлен общий обзор. Угроза судебного преследования: Wallman 1992. Р. 5.

319–320. Глухой наблюдает шимпанзе: Neisser 1983. Р. 214–216.

320–321. Неподчинение организмов: Breland & Breland 1961.

324–325. Бейтс о Большом взрыве: Bates, Thai, & Marchman 1991. P. 30, 35.

325–327. Цепочки, лестницы и кусты в эволюции: Mayr 1982; Dawkins 1986; Gould 1985.

329–330. Двуногое животное: пример из Wallman 1992.

331–332. Печень логически невозможна: Lieberman 1990. Р. 741–742.

331–332. Новые модули в эволюции: Mayr 1982.

332–333. Область Брока у обезьян: Deacon 1988, 1989; Galaburda & Pandya 1982.

333–334. ДНК у людей и шимпанзе: King & Wilson 1975; Miyamoto, Slightom, & Goodman 1987.

334–335. Бау-вау, динг-донг, жесты и другие теории переходного языка: Harnad, Steklis, & Lancaster 1976.

334–335. Датировка происхождения языка: Pinker 1992, 1995; Bickerton 1990. Эволюция современного человека: Stringer & Andrews 1988; Stringer 1990; Gibbons 1993.

336–337. Опускание гортани и речь неандертальцев: Lieberman 1984. Неандертальцы: Gibbons 1992. Прием Геймлиха: Parade, 28 июня, 1992.

337–338. Хомский сомневается в естественном отборе: Chomsky 1972. Р. 97–98; Chomsky 1988. Р. 167.

338. Логика естественного отбора: Darwin 1859/1964; Williams 1966, 1992; Mayr 1983; Dawkins 1986; Tooby & Cosmides 1990b; Maynard Smith 1984, 1986; Dennett 1983.

340–341. Сказки Киплинга: Gould & Lewontin 1979; Piatelli-Palmarini 1989. Все не так просто: Dawkins 1986; Mayr 1983; Maynard Smith 1988; Tooby & Cosmides 1990a, b; Pinker & Bloom 1990; Dennett 1983.

343–344. Естественный язык и естественный отбор: Pinker & Bloom 1990.

343–344. Хомский о физике мозга: в Piatelli-Palmarini 1980.

344–345. Язык у карликов: Lenneberg 1967. Язык у нормальных гидроцефалов: Lewin 1980. Нормальный мозг и аналитические процессы при СНР: Gopnik 1990.

345–346. Бросающая мадонна: Calvin 1991.

346–347. Снятие покрова тайны с эволюции языка: Pinker & Bloom 1990.

346–347. Бейтс о трех четвертях правила: Bates, Thai, & Marchman 1991. P. 31.

347. Бикертон о протоязыке и Большом взрыве: Bickerton 1990; Pinker 1992.

347. Премак об охотниках за мамонтами: Premack 1985. Р. 281–282.

347–349. Преимущества сложно организованного языка: Burling 1986. Когнитивная гонка вооружений: Cosmides & Tooby 1992. Сплетня: Barkow 1992. Некоторые абзацы в этой части основаны на Pinker & Bloom 1990.

350. Наследственность и изменчивость: Tooby & Cosmides 1989.

 

Языковые мавены

 

353–354. О языковых мавенах: Bolinger 1980; Bryson 1990; Lakoff 1990.

353–354. История прескриптивной грамматики: Bryson 1990; Crystal 1987; Lakoff 1990; McCrum, Cran, & MacNeil 1986; Nunberg 1992.

355–356. Формы Write, wrote; bite, bole: Lederer 1990. P. 117.

358–359. Форма Everyone and their brother: электронный бюллетень LINGUIST, 9 октября, 1991.

359–361. Пятая часть английских глаголов были существительными: Prasada & Pinker 1993.

361–362. Формы «Fly out» и «Sally Ride»: Kirn, Pinker, Prince, & Prasada 1991; Kim, Marcus, Pinker, Hollander, & Coppola 1994.

362–363. Бернштейн о форме «broadcasted»: Bernstein 1977. P. 81.

364–365. Смотрители слов: Quine 1987; Thomas 1990.

364–365. «Глоуб» о фразеологизме «get your goat»: 23 декабря, 1992.

365. Форма «take it on the lam»: Alien 1983.

365–366. Плохая грамматика ведет к насилию: Bolinger 1980. P. 4–6.

365–366. Обличитель плохой грамматики: Simon 1980. Р. 97, 165–166.

366–367. Сумасшедший английский: Lederer 1990. Р. 15–21.

367–368. Языковое фиглярство: Lederer 1987. Р. 114–117.

367–368. Стилистические ляпы: Lederer 1987; Brunvand 1989.

368–369. Городские легенды и ксерокслор: Brunvand 1989.

368–369. Мавены-мудрецы: Bernstein 1977; Safire 1991.

370–371. Расшифровки детского языка: MacWhinney 1991.

371–372. Формы «Me and Jennifer/Between you and I»: Emonds 1986.

372–374. Формы «Low-lifes, cut-throats, ne’er-do-wells» и другие сложные слова, пользующиеся дурной славой: Quirk et al. 1985.

376–377. Барзун о частях речи: процитировано в Bolinger 1980. Р. 169.

377–378. Прилагательные, образованные от причастий: Bresnan 1982.

 

Как устроено сознание

 

385. Язык как окно в природу человека: Rymer 1993.

385–386. Понимание предложений, относительность и моторные лодки из стекловолокна: Fodor 1985. Р. 5.

386–387. Стандартная социологическая научная модель: Tooby & Cosmides 1992; Degler 1991; Brown 1991.

386–387. «Биологический детерминизм»: Gould 1981; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin 1984; Kitcher 1985; Chorover 1979; см. Degler 1991.

386–387. Воспитание представителей любого пола: Mead 1935. Обучение дюжины детей: Watson 1925.

390–391. Эволюционная психология: Darwin 1872,1874; James 1892/1920; Marr 1982; Symons 1979, 1992; Sperber 1985, 1994; Tooby Cosmides 1990, 1992; Jackendoff 1987, 1992; Gazzaniga 1992; Keil 1989; Gallistel 1990; Cosmides & Tooby 1987; Shepard 1987; Rozin & Schull 1988; См. также Konner 1982; Barkow Cosmides, & Tooby 1992 и Hirschfeld & Gelman 1994.

392. Торговцы удивительным: Geertz 1984.

392–393. M. Мид на Самоа: Freeman 1983.

393–394. Антропологи плавают в метакультуре: Brown 1991; Sperber 1982; Tooby & Cosmides 1992. P. 92.

393–394. Универсальные люди: Brown 1991.

397. Критика понятия «сходство»: Goodman 1972. Р. 445.

397–398. Внутреннее пространство сходства: Quine 1969.

398–399. Искусственные обучающиеся системы: Pinker 1979, 1989; Pinker & Prince 1988; Prasada & Pinker 1993.

399–400. Модули мозга: Chomsky 1975, 1980b, 1988; Marr 1982; Tooby & Cosmides 1992; Jackendoff 1992; Sperber 1982. Иную концепцию см. в Fodor 1983, 1985.

401. Биологическая эрудиция охотников и собирателей: Konner 1982; Kaplan 1992.

402. Народная биологическая таксономия: Berlin, Breedlove & Raven 1973; Atran 1987, 1990.

403. Мозговитый младенец: Spelke et al. 1992; Winn 1992; Flavell, Miller & Miller 1993.

404. Еноты становятся скунсами: Keil 1989.

404–405. Фламинго, дрозды и летучие мыши: Gelman & Markman 1987.

405. Цветок непрост: Kaplan 1992; см. также Orians & Heerwagen 1992.

405–406. Народная биология становится научной: Carey 1985; Keil 1989; Atran 1990. Аналогия и метафора в математике и физике: Gentner & Jeziorski 1989; Lakoff 1987. Стимуляция наших ментальных модулей: Tooby & Cosmides 1990b; Barkow 1992.

407. Врожденное и приобретенное: Tooby & Cosmides 1990a, 1992.

408. Универсальная человеческая природа и уникальные индивидуальности: Tooby & Cosmides 1990a, 1992.

408–409. Различия между полами в психологии пола: Symons 1979, 1980, 1992; Daly & Wilson 1988; Wilson & Daly 1992.

409. Раса как иллюзия: Bodmer & Cavalli-Sforza 1970; Gould 1977; Lewontin, Rose & Kamin 1984; Lewontin 1982; Tooby & Cosmides 1990a.

 

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