Card 9. Different organs of the human body

 

According to their functions different organs of the human body are divided into several systems: the bones, the muscular system, the alimentary tract, the respiratory system, the urinary system, the vascular system, and the nervous system.

The muscles and the bones are under the layer of subcutaneous fat. The muscles are connected with the bones.

The heart and the large blood vessels connected with it, as well as the lungs and the esophagus are in the thoracic cavity. The spleen, the liver and the stomach are in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity lower than the stomach, the liver and the spleen. The kidneys are on the posterior side of the abdominal cavity.

 

 

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Card 10. Skeletal muscles

 

The skeletal muscles are the organs of the muscular system. They number over 400 in the human body. Each has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply as well as a connective tissue framework, the whole constituting an independent unit. However, muscles never act singly but in groups. We seldom contract an individual muscle, we execute a movement and in the performance of that movement whole groups of muscles are involved. Skeletal muscles, then, are grouped into a system which exhibits correlation and cooperation of its parts.

Attachments of Muscles. Each striated muscle consists of a body and two attachments. The body contains the muscular tissue, the attachments are composed of white fibrous tissue. The attachment of muscle to bone may be one of three types: direct to the periosteum, by means of a tendon, or by means of an aponeurosis. A tendon is a band or cord of white fibrous tissue serving to connect a muscle to a bone.

 

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Card11. MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia. It was first mentioned in the records dated back to the year 1174. at that time it was a small frontier post. The history of Moscow is connected with the history of Russia. In 1237 Moscow fell under the yoke of the Tatars. And it was Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy who led the Russian troops to a decisive victory over the invaders in the battle of Kulikovo field in 1380.

By the 15^th century Moscow turned into a wealthy city. It was under Ivan III that Moscow became the capital of the state of Moscow. At that time the Kremlin was rebuilt and the largest Kremlin Cathedrals were erected.

During the Troubled Times Moscow was occupied by the Polish invaders, but they were routed by the popular levy headed by Minin and Pozharsky.

In 1812 the Napoleonic army entered Moscow. The city was set ablaze. The army had to retreat. That was a poor substitute for the military triumph in Russia, so much desired by Napoleon.

Nowadays Moscow is the largest city of Russia. It is a political, administrative, economic, educational and cultural centre of the country.

There are many places of interest in Moscow. The city is famous for its historical monuments, museums, art galleries and theatres. The Historical Museum, the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov State Picture Gallery are world famous. Moscow is proud of the Bolshoi, Maly and Art theatres. Moscow is an industrial centre with highly developed engineering, electric, light and chemical industries.

Moscow is a scientific centre too. The Russian Academy of Sciences, the oldest university, many schools of higher learning, colleges and scientific institutions are located here.

Moscow is the country’s largest sports centre. It often becomes a scene of international sports festivals.

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Card 12. Skull

The skull is the skeleton of the head and face. The skull is made of twenty-nine bones.

Twenty-one bones are so firmly knit together that they are taken apart with difficulty, they are built together in such a way that they enclose one large cavity and three smaller bones. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity, and contains the brain and its membranes, the smaller cavities are the cavities of the nose, and the two orbits, which hold eyeballs.

There are lesser cavities contained within certain of the skull-bones, these cavities are the middle-ear, the internal ear, and the air-sinuses.

The skull-bones consist of two plates or tables of compact substance that enclose a layer of spongy substance between them; in skull-bones this substance is called diploe. In some of them the diploe is absorbed leaving cavities or air-sinuses between the tables of compact bone, the sinuses communicate with the cavity of the nose and have a mucous lining continuous with that of the nose.

 

 

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