Exercise 13. Say whether these sentences are true or false, and if they are false say why.

1. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly infectious, notifiable vesicular disease of domestic ruminants.

2. Farmed cloven-hoofed mammals and wild ruminants are not susceptible to FMD.

3.FMD can spread rapidly throughout the country if it is not controlled quickly.

4. Clinical signs of foot and mouth disease in pigs and cattle are similar.

5. Animals can pick up the virus only by direct contact with an infected animal.

6. Relevant biosecurity measures should be practiced as a matter of routine.

7. Vaccines for FMD can be used as aprophylactic measure.

 

Exercise 14. Choose the appropriate definition to the words in brackets.(lameness, cloven hoof, snout, fomites, horn, game, vesicles)

1. … is a small liquid-filled cavity under the epidermis.

2. … isa hoof split into two toes.

3. … is any animal hunted for sport or for food.

4 … is the protruding portion of an animal's face, consisting of its nose, mouth,

and jaw.

5. … is an abnormal gait or stance of an animal that is the result of dysfunction of the locomotor system.

6. … is any nonliving object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms.

7. … is one of the bony, permanent, hollow paired growths, often curved and pointed, that project from the upper part of the head of certain animals.

Exercise 15.Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.

1. Vaccines for FMD are available, but must be matched to ….

2. Vesicles rupture and discharge….

3. Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against ….

4. The organism which causes FMD is ….

5. In adult animals the disease is not usually ….

6. Cattle with foot-and-mouth disease may develop blister-like sores on ….

7. The virus is present in great quantity in….

8.Trucks, lorries, market places, and loading ramps – in or over which infected animals may have travelled – are a disease risk until ….

 

Exercise 16. Give the English equivalents for the Russian words in brackets.

1. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly infectious, (подлежащийобязательнойрегистрации)vesicular disease of domestic ruminants and pigs. 2. Some (штамм) can give rise to high levels of mortality in young animals.3. Cattle with foot-and-mouth disease may develop(везикулыиэрозии) on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats and between the hooves. 4. Vesicles rupture and discharge clear or (мутный) fluid, leaving raw eroded areas surrounded by (рваныефрагментырыхлойткани). 5. The virus can be transmitted on (абиотическаясреда). 6. (Воздушно-капельныйпуть) spread of the virus can also occur and, under (благоприятный) climatic conditions,the disease can spread several miles by this route.7.A range of regulatory measuresincludesrequirementsfor (очисткаидезинфекциятранспортныхсредств, перевозящихскот).

 

Exercise 17. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Вирус ящура поражает домашних и диких парнокопытных животных (коров, коз, овец, оленей, свиней и др.) и выделяется во внешнюю среду больными животными со слюной, молоком, мочой, пометом. 2. Содержимое везикул– прозрачное, затем оно становится мутным. Через 1-2 суток пузырьки вскрываются, образуя болезненные ярко красные эрозии. 3. Вирус проникает через поврежденную кожу и слизистую оболочку рта, носа, глаз. Кроме того, известны случаи воздушно-капельного заражения. 4. Вирус ящура относится к семейству Пикорнавиридэ, роду Афтовирус. 5. Животные, переболевшие ящуром одного типа, могут повторно заболеть в случае заражения вирусом другого типа.6. Вирус ящура сравнительно устойчив к воздействию факторов внешней среды. На поверхности предметов, загрязненных выделениями больных ящуром животных, вирус сохраняется 150дней.

 

Exercise 18. Testyourselfby answering these questions to see how much you remember and understand.

1. What is the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease?

2.What animals are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease?

3. How many types and subtypes of the FMD virus are there?

4. Does the immunity to one type protect an animal against other types or subtypes?

5. What are the clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease in a) ruminants, b) pigs?

6. Where is the virus present in great quantity?

7. How can animals pick up the virus?

8. What biosecurity measures should be practiced?

TEXTC

RABIES

VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C

apprehension n	[aprɪˈhenʃ(ə)n]	настороженность
behavioral adj	[bɪˈheɪvjərəl]	поведенческий
bellowing n	[ˈbeləʊɪŋ]	мычание
docile adj	[ˈdəʊsaıl]	послушный, покорный
(dumb) rabies n	[ˈdʌmˈrebiːz]	«тихое бешенство»
excitable adj	[ɪkˈsaɪtəbl]	возбудимый
foaming n	[ˈfəʊmɪŋ]	пенообразование
furious adj	[ˈfjʊərɪəs]	агрессивный
irritable adj	[ˈɪrɪtəb(ə)l]	раздражительный
pasteurized pp	[ˈpɑːstʃəraɪzd]	пастеризованный
polioencephalitis n	[pəʊlɪəʊ enˌsefəˈlaɪtɪs]	полиоэнцефалит
prodromal adj	[prəʊˈdrəʊm(ə)l]	продромальный
quarantine n	[ˈkwɒrəntiːn]	карантин
raccoon n	[rəˈkuːn]	енот
restlessness n	[ˈrestləsnəs]	беспокойное состояние
scrutinize v	[ˈskruːtɪnʌɪz]	изучать, рассматривать
skunk n	[skʌŋk]	скунс
slobbering n	[ˈslɒbərɪŋ]	слюнотечение
straining n	[ˈstreɪnɪŋ]	напряжение мышц
succumb v	[səˈkʌm]	подвергаться, заболевать

Rabies is a severe, and often fatal, viral polioencephalitis that specifically affects the gray matter of the animal's brain and its central nervous system (CNS). The primary way the rabies virus is transmittedisthrough a bite from a disease carrier: dogs, foxes, raccoons, skunks, and bats.

The rabies virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Lyssavirus, in the family Rhabdoviridae. Infectious virus particles are retained in a rabid animal's salivary glands to better disseminate the virus through the saliva. Saliva is the main method of transmission of the virus being shed through infected animals and spreading through the body via the bloodstream. Once the virus enters the animal's body, it replicates in the cells of the muscles, and then spreads to the closest nerve fibers, including all peripheral, sensory and motor nerves, traveling from there to the spinal cord where it can incubate for months, although 3-12 weeks is common. From the spinethe virus moves into the brain, at which point clinical signs of rabies often appear in animals. Once the symptoms have appeared, the virus progresses rapidly.

It is possible for the virus to enter the body through orifices and lacerations to the skin. Open wounds, mucous membranes, eyes and the mouth are possible entrance points for the virus.This however, is uncommon. Under normal conditions, the virus is not spread through the air, though this method of transmission is possible.

This inflammatory infection has zoonotic characteristics and can, therefore, be transmitted to humans.Transmission from unpasteurised cow's milk to humans is currently being scrutinised although properly cooked meat and pasteurised milk from infected animals poses no danger to humans.

There are two forms of rabies: paralytic and furious. In the early symptom (prodromal) stage of rabies infection, the animal(dog, for example) will show only mild signs of CNS abnormalities. This stage will last from one to three days. Most animals will then progress to eitherthe furious stage, or the paralytic stage, (sometimes to combination of the two), while others succumb to the infection without displaying any major symptoms.

Furious rabies is characterized by extreme behavioral changes, including overt aggression and attack behavior. Paralytic rabies, also referred to as dumb rabies, is characterized by weakness and loss of coordination, followed by paralysis.

Initially, an animal,that has become infected, may show extreme behavioral changes such as restlessness or apprehension, both of which may be compounded by aggression. Friendly dogs, for example, may become irritable, while normally excitable animals may become more docile. A dog may bite or snap at any form of stimulus, attacking other animals, humans and even inanimate objects. They may constantly lick, bite and chew at the site where they were bitten.

As the virus progresses, an infected animal may become hypersensitive to touch, light and sound. They may eat unusual things and hide in dark places. Paralysis of the throat and jaw muscles may follow, resulting in the well-known symptom of foaming at the mouth. Disorientation, incoordination and staggering may occur, caused by paralysis of the hind legs. Other classic signs of rabies include loss of appetite, weakness, seizures and sudden death.

Symptoms of rabies in cattle vary considerably. The slobbering, aggressive cow is only one way that the disease presents. Initial signs of the disease may be quite mild with cattle appearing depressed, not eating and isolating themselves. As the disease progresses function of some body parts decreases. This might result in the inability to swallow so that saliva is drooled but it might also be weakness in a leg or legs or a drooping ear or head. Animal behavior may also be varied. A few rabid animals are aggressive but many are sleepy and constant bellowing or straining is also seen. Most animals affected by the disease die within a week from the time when the signs are first seen.

There are no tests available for rabies in live animals. Determination normally requires a post-mortem inspection of the brain. The direct fluorescence antibody test can be performed by a state-approved laboratory for rabies diagnosis. A veterinarian will collect fluid samples if an animal dies while in quarantine, or if it begins showing progressive signs of rabies

Pets that are not vaccinated or allowed outdoors without supervision have a higher risk of contracting rabies from an infected animal. Prevention is necessary to lower the risk of contracting or spreading this deadly disease. Pets can be vaccinated for rabies. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, don’t experience rabies and therefore don’t offer this vaccination.

Prevention of rabies in cattle is not an easy task. Vaccines are available but are so expensive that their routine use in cattle herds is not recommended unless a farm has a very high threat of the disease. Wildlife control should be a concern for all cattle operations for rabies prevention and for other health and safety reasons. In some cases, hunting and trapping should be employed. In all cases, attempts should be made to secure feeds that would attract wildlife likely to be rabid.

 

EXERCISES TO THE TEXT

 

Exercise 19. Look through the text and find information about:

- rabies causative agent;

- animals that are susceptible to rabies;

- forms of rabies;

- the ways rabies can be transmitted;

- clinical signs of rabies in dogs;

- clinical signs of rabies in cattle;

- the tests for detection of rabies;

- vaccination for rabies.