The common forms of lesions.

A STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR AN EXAMINATION OF A SICK ANIMAL

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СLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL DISEASES

VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A

Названия болезней

Disease is the general term for any deviation from the normal or healthy condition of the body. The classification of animal diseases may be approached from several standpoints. Grouping may be based upon:

I. Etiology or Cause. We may divide diseases into two classes: infectious and non-infectious diseases. The first class has two different branches: proper infectious diseases and parasitic diseases. According to the group of pathogens, proper infectious diseases can be divided into diseases caused by a) viruses: measles, influenza, parainfluenza, viral hepatitis, meningitis; b) prions: BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) or mad cow disease, scrapie; c) bacteria: cholera, plague, dysentery, staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, salmonella, meningitis.

Parasitic diseases are very common among domestic animals. This class of diseases is caused by eukaryotic groups of pathogens: a) fungi: aspergillosis, actinomycosis, candidiasis, ringworm, cryptococcosis; b) protozoa: amebiasis, babesiosis, toxoplasmosis, blastocystosis, malaria, balantidiasis, cryptosporidiosis; c) arthropods: insects (lice, flies, fleas) and acarines (mites, ticks); d) round and flat worms that live at the expense of their hosts. They may invade any of the organs of the body, but most commonly inhabit the digestive tract and skin. Some of the parasitic insects (mosquitoes, flies and ticks) act as secondary hosts for certain animal microorganisms that they transmit to healthy individuals through the punctures or the bites that they are capable of producing in the skin.

Non-infectious diseases are diseases caused by abiotic agents, such as a) mechanical agents: injuries, overexertion, pressure, friction, impaction by foreign bodies (calculi); b) irregularity in food and water supply; c) chemical causes (poisons); d) thermal agents such as extreme temperature, heat stroke, frost bite, burns, electrical cause, lightning stroke; d) heredity.

II. Duration of the disease. Diseases may be acute or chronic, depending on the duration of their course and the rapidity of intensification and disappearance of the symptoms. “Acute” denotes a disease that is quick and short-lived. “Chronic” denotes a slow longer-lasting condition. The word subacute is used to describe a condition between acute and chronic while a disease, which kills very quickly, like anthrax, is called peracute. The appearance of additional changes that are unrelated to the direct cause of a disease, alongside its principal manifestations, is called a complication. It may arise at the height of a disease or after the principal manifestations have disappeared. Complications are an aggravating factor, and can sometimes lead to an unfavorable outcome. A disease may end in complete recovery, recovery with residual phenomena, stable changes in organs, the occasional development of new manifestations of the disease in the form of long-range sequels.

III. Localization. A general disease is one in which systematic disturbance receives a local change or is early associated with it. Local disease is one in which local change is primary in some organ or part of the body and remains essential and predominant feature throughout. In such a case, it is implied that the disease condition first involves a single organ or tissue. The disease may however be very extensive and yet designated local disease — as in the case of some skin affections.