ChangethewordsinbracketsbythecorrectParticiple.

1. When legislators create laws they use the system of courts (to back) by the power of the police to enforce these laws.

2. Common law is applied in approximately 80 countries which were a part of or greatly (to influence) by the former British Empire.

3. Until the time of King Henry II reign customary laws were (to admin­ister) locally.

4. The order (to establish) in the country improved the situation.

5. The English common law reflects Biblical influences as well as sys­tems (to impose) by early conquerors including the Romans, Anglo-Sax­ons and Normans.

6. Rules and doctrines (to develop) by the judges of earlier English courts were (to supplement) or (to amend) over time.

7. The new law (to establish) on the territory of entire England soon became common.

8. The letter (to write) by a junior lawyer should not be sent to the client because of its improper style.

9. The review on the UK Civil Procedure (to take) from the website was of great importance for his report.

10. Courses on Legal English (to offer) online have become very popular today.

 

Read the text and answer the questions.

1. What do numbers 50, 900, 450 mean in the text?

2. What legal systems do Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates belong to?

 

 

RELIGIOUS AND CUSTOMARY LAW SYSTEMS

 

Muslim Law - is an autonomous legal system which is of a religious nature and predominantly based on the Koran. The number of Muslims countries is growing (now there are more than 50 Muslim states the population of which is about 900 million people), and the main common feature is not merely spiritual, the Islamic religion aims to cover all areas of life. Countries belonging to this system are: Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan, Turkey, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and others.

In its strongest formulation, some Islamic scholars state that law cannot exist outside religion and therefore the state has no power to legislate. But in practice the religion is found in the countries with very different histories, where formal legal systems differ much.

Hindu Law. Unrivalled in age, the Hindu law found in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Malaysia and parts of East Africa is contained in a literature which is vast and complex. In the countries mentioned, however, it governs only personal and family relations and its family law has been codified and much amended, especially in India. Nonetheless it can affect the lives of some 450 million people.

MatchEnglishwordcombinations (1-10) withRussianequivalents (a-j)

1) common law patterns 2) death and rebirth 3) not merely spiritual 4) absolute sovereignty 5) Islamic scholars 6) Gulf countries 7) autonomous legal system 8) to preach 9) to vary from 10) secular legal system

a) страны Персидского залива b) отличаться от c) светские правовые системы d) смерть и воскрешение e) не только духовный f) по образцу общего права g) предписывать h) ученые-теоретики ислама i) отдельная правовая система j) абсолютный суверенитет

 

FindEnglishequivalentsinthetext.

1. основыватьсянаположенияхКорана

2. правовые системы Индии и Пакистана

3. закон не может существовать вне религии

4. по образцу общего права

5. не иметь законодательной власти

6. затрагивать все стороны жизни

7. в своем самом строгом толковании

8. кодифицировать и вносить поправки

 

Expressagreement / disagreementwiththefollowingstatement.

Uselanguagesuchas:

Model: а) I fully agree with thestatement.

b) I am afraid, I can't agree with it.

1. Muslim law is based on the Koran.

2. The number of Muslim countries is decreasing.

3. In its strongest formulations some Islamic scholars think that state has no power to legislate.

4. Some Muslim countries are influenced by civil law, others - by common law.

5. It is easy to find roots of the Hindu law.

6. It is not difficult to unify postulates of the Hindu law.

7. The Muslim law precepts cover as many sides of life as secular systems do.

 

53. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. What are the characteristic features of Customary law?

2. What is the main source of Customary law?

Customary Law

Customary Law is a type of legal system that serves as the basis of present-day laws in approximately 40 countries - mostly in Africa, but some in the Pacific islands, Europe, and the Middle East. Customary law is also referred to as “primitive law", “unwritten law", "indigenous law", and “folk law". There is no single history of customary law such as that found in Roman civil law, English common law, Islamic law, or the Napoleonic Civil Code. The earliest systems of law in human society were customary, and usually developed in small agrarian and hunter- gatherer communities.

As the term implies, customary law is based upon the customs of a community. Common attributes of customary legal systems are that they are seldom written down, they embody an organized set of rules regulating social relations, and they are agreed upon by members of the community. Although such law systems include sanctions for law infractions, resolution tends to be reconciliatory rather than punitive. A number of African states practiced customary law many centuries prior to colonial influences. Following colonization, such laws were written down and incorporated to varying extents into the legal systems imposed by their colonial powers.