Упражнение 10. Пробуем говорить.

Say what the difference is between synthetic and human languages. Прочтите и скажите, в чем разница между искусственными и естественными языками. Используйте конструкцию: There is/are (по)... in... language.

Язык программирования — система обозначений, служащая для точного описания программ или алгоритмов для ЭВМ. Языки программирования являются искусственными языками, в которых синтаксис и семантика строго определены. Поэтому при применении их по назначению они не допускают свободного толкования (interpre­tation) выражения, характерного для естественного языка.

Упражнение 11. We are going to read some paragraphs from this book: Посмотрите! \$ы собираемся прочесть несколько параграфов из этой книги:

The С++ Programming Language

- Reference Manual -

Bjarne Stroustrup

AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974

Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.

What is the book called? What kind of book is this? Who is the author? Where was it published?

Упражнение 12. Translate the combinations of words: Переведите словосочетания:

To point out implementation-dependent details; follow directly from the properties; describe in the С book; extend with classes; functions and so on; to parse into tokens; require to separate; to enclose in single quotes; to surround by double quotes.

Упражнение 13. Translate paying attention to the suffixes: Переведите, обращая внимание на суффиксы:

Require, requirement, requiring, required; Identify, identification, identifier; Long, length; Note, notation;

Alternate, alternating, alternation, alternative, alternator;

Option, optional;

Access, to access, accessible.

Упражнение 14. Translate and mark the auxiliaries: Переведите и отметьте вспомогательные глаголы:

Use, used, uses, are using; Enclose, enclosed, encloses, has enclosed; Denotes, denoted, having denoted; Determine, determines, are determined; Declared, to declare, is declaring, declares; Treat, are treated, treated, have been treating; To refer, referred, are referred to; Hide, were hidden, hid.

Упражнение 15. Translate without a dictionary: Переведите без словаря:

Detail; declaration; collectively; to ignore; to separate; to reserve; to list; to specify; to initialize; fraction.

Упражнение 16. Be sure that you know what the words mean: Убедитесь, что вы помните значение этих слов:

Few; such; between; other; otherwise; next; which; below; certain; ac­cording to; throughout; this; from... to....

Упражнение 17. Memorize the information and translate the verbs: Запомните информацию и переведите таголы:

Приставка en- (en-,in; em- перед b, р, т) служит для образования глаголов и придает им значение:

а) включения внутрь чего-либо: to encage — сажать в клетку; to entruck — са­жать в грузовик;

б) приведения в какое-либо состояние: to encourage — ободрять; to enslave — порабощать.

То enable, to encipher, to enforce, to enjoy, to ensoul.

To encamp, to enchain, to enclose, to enclasp, to encircle, to empanel,

To enisle, to enfold, to entrain, to encompass.

Упражнение 18. Translate, paying attention to «both... and...», «neither... nor...», «ei­ther... or...»:

Переведите, обращая внимание на парные союзы:

both the integer and fraction part; either the integer part or the fraction part; both the and the new-line; include either e or E; neither with this task nor with that one;

Упражнение 19. Read text I, underline and translate terminological phrases very carefully. Прочтите Текст I. Подчеркните и как можно точнее переведите терминологические фразы.

Text I

1. INTRODUCTION This manual describes the С++ programming language. Where implementation-dependent details exist it tries to point them out. With few exceptions, such dependencies follow directly from the properties of the hardware. They are summarized in #2.6. С++ is "old C" as described in the С book extended with classes, inline functions, operator overloading, function name overloading, constant types, references, free store management, function argument check­ing, and a new function declaration syntax. The differ­ences between С++ and "old C" are summarized in #19.

Упражнение 20. Read text II carefully and say what is a token, a comment, an identifier, a keyword, a constant.

Прочтите Текст II внимательно и скажите по-английски, что такое лексема, коментарий, идентификатор, ключевое слово, константа.

Text II

2. LEXICAL CONVENTIONS

There are six classes of tokens: identifiers, key­words, constants, strings, operators, and other separa­tors. Blanks, tabs, new-lines, and comments (collec­tively, "white space") as described below are ignored except as they serve to separate tokens. Some white space is required to separate otherwise adjacent identi­fiers, keywords, and constants.

If the input stream has been parsed into tokens up to a given character, the next token is taken to include the longest string of characters.

2.1 Comments

The characters /* introduce a comment, which termi­nates with the characters */. Comments do not nest.

2-2 Identifiers (Names)

An identifier is an arbitrarily long sequence of let­ters and digits; the first character must be a letter; the underscore counts as a letter; upper- and lower­case letters are different.

Упражнение 4. Give the positive degree:

Поставьте прилагательные в положительную степень (исходную форму):

larger; better; earliest; redder; nearest; higher; nearer; deeper; smaller; harder; easier; fewer.

Упражнение 5. Give the word-groups with the opposite meaning: Приведите словосочетания с противоположным значением:

a bad model; a more reliable method; the nearest way; the wotet variant; a least effective device; a better way; a less reliable device; a more interesting document.

Упражнение 6. Give comparative & superlative degree: Дайте сравнительную и превосходную степень:

fast compression; a good & easy way; much information; (менее) reli­able device; few disks; bad results.

Упражнение 7. Fill in: Заполните пропуски:

1) BASIC is on microcomputers.

Popularest (more popular)

2) BASIC is one of ____ programming languages.