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Lesgon 9. Му future profession

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Словообразование: (повторение) множественное число суффиксы

П. Грамматика: модальные глаголы с перфектным инфинитивом; модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (повторение); пасс.ИВНЫЙ залог (повторение).

Ш. Тексты: Тем 1) Phases ог lnvestigation 2) Tracing
  Тем Future Profession
  тем Nature of Investigation

Ex. 1. Read the ibllowing nouns in plural. then give the corresponding nouns in singular.

students, establishments, subiects, objects, instruments, photographs. departments, tasks, specialists, graduates; interviews. officers, investigators, duties, measures, offenders, criminals, pictures, professions, crimes, detectives, perpetrators • branches, witnesses, judges, places, classes, boxes, traces;

[V. rnell, wo•nen, feet, teeth, children- means;

V. schoolbovs, housev,'lves, passers-by. mothers-in-law. womenjudees, custom-houses, militiamen.

Ex. 2. Read the verbs after the speaker paying attention to the pronunciation of verb endings:

trains, prepares, protects, depends, takes measures, preserves, locates, discovers, finds, punishes. prevents, reveals, searches, detects, examines, finishes. collects. takes pictures, commits, apprehends, masters. interviews. arrives. interrogates, faces, gathers, proves.

Ex. 3. (Give the corresponding verbs which the fallowing nouns are formed of:

establishment. protection,. investioator. cotnmission, detection, solution_ location, identification, interrogation, seizure, presentation. discoverv, activity. punishment, detective, cooperation, division, application, confession.

Ex. 4. Repeat the following word combinations after the speaker I _ The objective of the investigator; to identify the criminal:

to prove the guilt; to gather the ihcts for court presentation: to use the same evidence: to identify some person as the perpetrator of criminal acts; to discover the identitv of the criminal', coafcssion: eyewitness testimonv, or circumstantial evidence; to locate the suspect: to trace a fugitive who is hiding. to be in custodv; presentation of evidence in court; to establish the fact of the existence of the crime: to associate the defendant with the crime scene; competent and credible witnesses: to be available: the physical evidence;

26]

l l. to find missmg and wanted persons; the solvino of a case: to Iocate the perpetrator. the proper presentation of a case in the discovery and identification of witnesses: the search for a person: the hunt of the suspect: an application of varwus sources of infòrmation: a patient studv of records: to obtain additional evidence: unofficial sources of information: confidential informants.

Ex. 5. Read and translate the passive constructions:

the criminal is identified: the suspect was traced and located: the facts are gathered for court presentation; the division of the into three phases is made for convenience of discussion: the same evidence is often used tar all three obiectives; the criminal was identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts: the identity oc the criminal has been discovered through his confession: the guilt of the accused has been proved'. the defendant v,'as identified and associated with the crime scene: the facts are being established with the help of the witnesses.

Ex. 6. Change the iòllowing sentences into Passive, use the same tense:

Model: l. The police devotes a great part of work to finding: missing and wanted persons.

St: l. A great part or work is devoted to finding missinz or wanted persons.

2. The investiœating officers have proved the guilt of the suspect

St: The guilt of the suspect has been proved bv the investigating officers.

The lawyers do not separate the three phases of investi-gation in tune.

The witnesses have identified the criminal as lhc perpetrator of the criminal acts.

3. Some circumstantial evidence and the eyewitness testimonv discovered the identity of the criminal.

4. BV the beginning of the trial the invcstigating officers have gathered sufficient evidence for court.

5 The investigation obtained some additional evidence which heEped locate and identilý the perpetrator.

6 Police traced the fugitive th•'ha was hiding and apprehended him.

The court established the fact of the existence of the crime.

8 The witnesses were competent. They presented sufficient physical evidence which showed the connection of the criminal with the offense.

Ex: 7. Read and transiate the text.

Text "A".

1. PHASES OF INVESTIGATION

The objectives of the investigator provide a convenient division of the investigation into three pbases: (I) the criminal is identified: (2) he is traced and locatcd: and (3) the facts proving his guilt are gathered for court presentation. This division is made for convenience of discussion, sincc the three phases are not necessarily separated in time but are usually fused throtuhout the investigation. The same evidence. moreover can ofL ten be used for all three objectives.

Identifying the Criminal.

In thc first stage the criminal is identified. i.e.. son-le person is identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts. Ordinarily the identitv of the criminal is discovered in one or more of the following ways: confèssion, eyewitness testimony. or circumstantial evidence.

Tracing and Locating the Criminal.

"i he second phase of the investigation is concerned with locating the offender. Obviouslv many of the steps previously suggested for identifying the suspect will also lead to his location. Usually the criminal is not hiding; he is simply unknown. In those cases, then. the problem is primarily one of identification. tn Inanv cases. however- it is neccssarv to trace a fugitive who is hiding.

Proving the Guilt.

It is assumed that the criminal has been identified and is now in custody. The investigation, however- is far from complete: it has en-tered the third and often the most difficult phase, namely. gathering the facts necesSarv in the trial to prove the guilt of the accused.

The final test of a criminal investigation is in the presentation of the evidence in court. The fact of the existence of the crime must be established; the

defendarlt must бе identifled and associated with crime scene; competent and credib!e witnesses must be available; the physicai evidence must бе appropriatelv identifcd, its connection with the case shown; and the whole must be pcesentcd in ап orderiy and logical fhshion.

11. TRACING

А great рай от investigative work is devoted to ”fnding:- missing or wanted persons. “fhe solving of а case frequent\» depends ироп 'ocating the perpctrator, The proper presentation of а case in court involves the discovery and identi6cation of witnesses. The search for а person is йеquently а simple matter 0f а few telephone calls ог а visit to а house. Ас other times, however, the hunt (поиски) сап Ьесоте а lengthy and сотplicated ordeal.

The search for pcrsons commonly requires а search of records and ап application of various sources of information. The term 'tracing” is used here to describe all 0f these procedures. А patient studv of records and the information from of6cials arc often necessary to obtain additional evidencc aad [о locate or со idcntify а person.

UnofEcial sources 0f infonnation such as confidential inlbrmants асе often used by investigatino ofEcers.

(0'Hara. Fuudamen1als 0f Criminal Invcstigati011)

Ех. 8. (}ive ан possible word combinations:

the perpetrator (разыскать, виновность. выследить. определить местонахождение, задержать, опасный, наказать, допросить. обнаружить, найти, идентифицировать. допросить и т.д.); evidence (вещественные, обнаружить, найти, идентифицировать. собирать. сохранить, представить, изъять, достаточно. искать, надлежащие, достать, имеющиеся в наличии и т.д.); to trace (преступника, правонарушителя. пропавшее лицо, разыскиваемое лицо, подозреваемого, обвиняемого и т.д.); crime (расследовать, совершить, раскрыть, бороться, столкнуться- предотвратить, организованная и т.д.); the crime scene (осмотреть, оградить, защитить, прибыть на, сфот осрафировать):

witnesses (компетентные, имеющиеся в МИИЧИи, опросить, идентифицировать, установить, найти, искать и т.д.)

Ex. 9. Find the words with the similar meaning:

Instruments to struggfe
2 to apprehend hunt
J. to discover to find
4. search for asm
5. to arrive at to photograph
6. to protect a perpetrator
. ta search mam
8, principal to safeguard
9. an offender to examine
10. to take pictures to come to to arrest
12. objective tools

Ex. 10. Complete the sentences using the words given below:

l. The investigation can be divided into threc phases: i) the criminal is identified; 2) he is traced and located; 3) the evidence is for court presentation.

2. In the first stage the criminal is as the perpetrator of the criminal acts.

3. The eyewitness helped discover the location of the criminal.

4: The solution of a case very often depends on. the perpetrator.

5.. a criminal requires an application of various sources of informat]on.

6. Unofficial sources of information such as are often used by in- vestiaatinz officers.

7. The facts proving of the perpetrator have been gathered for court presentation.

8.. of the criminal was discovered through some physical evidence. (]ocating. identified, gathered. the identity. tracing, testimony, the guilt. confidential informants)

Ex. 11. Answer the questions:

What phases is thc investigation usually divided into?

z. Are the three phases necessarilv separated in time?

3. What does the identification of the criminal mean?

4. IR what way is the identity of the crimina) ordinarily discovered'?

5. What does primarily the problem tie in if the criminal is unknown?

6. What must be done to provc the guilt or the accused?

7. What is the great part of investigative work devoted to?

8. What does the proper presentation of a case in court involve?

9, Why are a patient stildv ol' records and the information from officials verv often necessarv fòr investigatin2 officerŠ?

10. Are unofficial sources of intòrmation used by investigating officers?

Ex. 12. Make tip sentences according 10 thc model using the given word combinations, pav attention to the construction: it is (important to...

Model: It is difficult (uot easy) to find and interrogate criminals,

 

It is not easv (difficult) to. It is impossible (possible).

It is necessarv It is interesting,

It is important etc.

 

(to make a plan of the investigation; to examine the crime scene carefully. to find. collect and preserve evidence for court presentation; to apprehend the criminal as soon as possible; to arrive at the crime scene at oncc; 10 master a special course of Detective Activity. various branches of Law and other special subjects; to be broad-educated persons: to take pictures of the scene and its objects: to interview witnesses propcrlv, to detect the criminat to search and seize the stolen propertv.

Ex. 13. Fill in a proper modal verb or its equivalent: Remember:

to
(
B
obl-
C

he militia officers be broad-educated persons. 2. At the crime scene the investigating officer. to examine the crime scene very carefully in order to discover evidence. 3. We to interview witnesses and interrogate criminals properly by the end of thc final course. 4. The detec . 10 go to the crime scene once again yesterday. 5. Incompetent people enter the crime scene. 6. The criminal. be traced and located as soon as possible. 7. As there svas much evidence to prove his guilt. the accused... to coníëss. 8, vou interview witnesses properly nov,n being a second-year student? 9. AS the perpetrator was identified and now he is in custodv the investigator gather the Facts necessary in the trial to prove the guilt of the accused. 10. The phvsical evidence discovered in the crime scene... establish the identity the criminal.

flOStC1--rer-1HS1

I. rJiaro-tl must B coqe-raHhH c Perfect Infinitive Bblpa)Kae-r npeano-.10 KOTOPOe OTHOCHTCA K npowemue,MY. Must B TaKHX cnyyaqx nepeB0Al-lT£H Ha pycc»o-lä 6btTb. Bepoqr- HO, a HH4)H-

HHTHB — rnaronoM B llPOLUeALlte.M BPCMCHH. E.g. They must have forgotten their promise. Otlh, £10.11*HO Õb1Tb, cBoe oõel]lalløe.

The letters must have been sent long ago.

IlhCbMa, ao.-ra«no 6b1Tb, o•rnpaaaellbl ItaBH0.

ll. May B COHe-raf-1UR c Perfect fnfinitive Bblpançae-r

HHe. 0THocqueecq K Mav FlepeBOAHTC% Ha pyc Õb1Tb", "B03MthK110", a HH(þUHHTHB rnaro- 110M B BpeMel'H.

E.g. He may have left Moscow.

B03MŒK110 (MOåx•eT 661Tb), OH yexa.N H-3 MOCKBb1, The delegation may have arrived vestcrday.

1303M0"KH0, Aenera1_1Hfl aps«6b1.11a Bqepa.

The agreeinent may have been signed.

B03MO'KHO, corna'_1JeHne 6b1JIO noanucaH0.

Ill. Ought to (should) B coqeraHBH c Perfect Infinitive crcq no 0TH0tueHBk0 K H 03HaqaeT, "TO JIHUO, O KOTO. POM MEteT pegb, He BbrnonHHJIO caoero nonra HenPaBh"bHO nocrynuno, no MHe:HHHJ ronopq[llero, T.e. BblpancaeT ynpex nopu-

E_1aHPte.

E.g. He ought not to have sent that telegram.

OH He f)b1A (e,MY' Be cne-AOBa.110 õbl) -renerpaMMY. He should have hclped them.

On (eMY c.rueaowaao 6M) MM.

You shouldn't have gone there vesterday.

Bbl He (Batvf He caenoga.qo 6b') TY*rua Blicpa.

IV. Can B c Perfect Infinitive vnorpe6Jl¶eTC9 B o-rpuuaTenbHblX 11 BO[1POCHTe.1bHblX npennonceungx COMHCHU}I,

[10 Toro, ACÜCTBHe, BblPu,-eHHOC MH(þLfflHTHB0M, B neVlCTBØTeJ1bHOCTH cogepnwnocb.

E.g. He cannot have done it.

He HTC6b' OH 3T0 C£lena.q.

(Oil ne MOE yroro CAenaTb).

He cannot have said it.

He MŒR"T ÕbV[b, HT06bl OH ATO cKa3a.1. Can he have left?

OH ye.xa.!l'?

V. Could, KOTOPbIM c.i1eAve-t- Pertèct Infinitive. MO)1œT nepe.ß0- AHTbcq: (MOFJIH) H.I\H apoc•ro: MOE' (Morag), Korna VCJIO- Bye He pa)KeH0.

E.g. He could have asked Ille about it. Whv didn't he do it?

OH MOE 6b1 llOflPOCHTb MeHfl 06 Floye.M'/ OH 3101'0 He cnena.ll?

Ex. 14. Read and translate the sentences with modal verbs and Perfect Infinitive:

l. The witness testimony could have discovered the identity of the criminal. 2. He cannot have confessed. 3. The officers should have gone to the crime scene once again. 4. The investigator ought not to have interviewed those witnesses in their office. 5. Tracing the fugitive must have been included in this plan of the investigation. 6. The criminal must have already been identified as the perpetrator of the criminal acts. 7. The identitv of the criminal may have bccn discovered by eyewitnesses testimony. 8. The criminal's confession may not have been sufficient to prove his guilt. 9. The investigating officers must have discovered some more additional facts to associate the accused with the crime scene. 10. Competent and credible witnesses must not have been discovered at the beginnmg of the investigation.

Ex. 15. Say that the investigating officers must have done it:

l) to identifv the criminal as the perpetrator of the criminal acts in the short time limits;

2) to discover competent and credible witnesses very soon;

3) to locate the suspect on that verv day;

4) to use unofficial sources or information:

5) to obtain additional evidence from a patent study of records;

6) to find the wanted person;

7) to gather sufficient facts tòr court presentation.

Ex. 16. Say that the criminal may have done it:

l) to contèss of breaking into the apaflment:

2) to use a knife in committing the crime;

3) to enter the apartment through the open window;

4) to break into the house after 6 p.m.;

5) to leave traces at the crime scene;

6) 10 bear the knock at the door and escape through the window• 7) to commit several crimes in that town:

8) to leave some fingerprints on the glass and on the teapot. Ex. 17. Read the text and be readv to speak on your future profession.

Text

MY FUTURE PROFESSION

Now I am a student of thc Moscow Law Universitv. I am a future lawyer. I'd like t0Avork as a detective, As to mv friend Alex he is zoing to work as an investigator. Our graduates work in all militia services.

Before entering the Law Universitv some students worked in tnililia, so they know this work. Some of my Institute-mates came here after serving in the Army. They have also chosen the work in militia. We all consider this work to be necessary and important while crime exists in our country

The principal task of our militia is to fight crime. And one of the main duties of militia officers is to prevent crime. But i f a crime has been committed the militia officers should do all they can to detect the offender, it Incans to locate and apprehend him.

We know that quick and accurate solution of a crime greatly depends on the professional skills of the investigating officers, on their training. That is why we try to master a special course of Detective Activitv, various branches of Law. Criminalistics, Crime Psychology and many other special subjects. Nobodv can say what crime you will have to face tomorrow, so the militia officers should be educated persons. It is not so easy to investigate crimes, it is difficult to trace and locate criminals. we must know how to interview witnesses, interrogate criminals, we learn all that at our Institute.

Verv often the solution of a crime is in the crime scene. When the investigator arrives at the crime sccnc he examines the scene very carefully. He makes a plan of the investigation. All the evidence in the crime scene must be found, collected and preserved for court presentation.

The effectiveness of an investigator largely depends upon his ability to obtain information. The elements of the offence musl be established. Identification must be obtained. The investigator works in close cooperation with other officers of the operative group.

The officer of the Criminal Dctection Department (a detective) is responsible tor the detection of the perpetrator. A great part of detective work is devoted 10 ' 'finding" missing or wanted person. The search for a person may be a simple matter. but in many cases, however, it mav become a complicated task. The solving or a case frequently dcpends upon locating the perpetrator. The proper presentation of a case in court involves the discovery and identification of witnesses, The detective also takes measures tòr search, discovery and seizure of the stolen property and instruments of the crime.

There are some people in our societv who don't want to live an honest life. who try to profit at the expense of our state. he task of an officer of Economic Crimes Department is to reveal the criminal activity of such people and to provide their punishment.

Some of us will work as divisional inspectors. The divisional inspectors are responsible for maintaining public order in their areas.

Our future work whatever it would be is noble and necessary. Our objective is to protect life and property of our people.

Ex. 18. Read the questions and give short answers, work in pairs:

Model: — Do you study at the Mosco',v Law Institute? Yes, ] do.

— Are voU a future lawyer?

— Yes, I am,

— Is the work in militia easy? No. it isn't.

l. Do detectives usually search and seize stolen properly and instruments of the crime? 2. Are there any peoplc in our society who profit at the expense of the state'? 3. Is your future work noble and necessarv? 4, Must all the evidence at the crime scene be found, collected and preserved for court presentation? 5. Are crimes easy to investigate? 6. Does the investigator usually take pictures of the scene and its objects? T Can you say what crime vou will face tomorrow? 8. •Must you know how to interview witnesses? 9. Does quick and accurate solution of a crime depend on the crime scene? 10. Does detecting the offender mean locating and apprehending him?

Ex. 19. Ask questions which require the answers "yes" or "no.

Model: The Moscow Law Institute trains tawyers for Moscow and Moscow region.

Does the Moscow Law Institute train lawyers tòr Moscow and the Moscow region?

l. The principal task of our militia is to fight crime. 2. The militia officers Should take active measures to detect the offender. 3. We try to muster special sciences at our College. 4. It is difficult to find and interrogate criminals. 5. The investigator examines the crime scene very carefully. 6. The detective usuallv takes measures for the detection of the criminal. 7. The officer of the Economic Crimes Department is to reveal the criminal activitv of the people who commit economic crimes.

Ex. 20. Answer the questions:

What specialists does the Moscow' Law University train'?

Whv is the work of our militia officers noble and necessary?

3. What is the principal task of our militia?

4. What does quick and accurate solution of a crime depend on?

5. What kind of person should a militia officer be?

6. Where is the solution of a crime very often?

7. What are the duties of the investigator?

8. What is the detective responsible for?


9. Whose duty is it to take measures for search, discovery and seizure of the stolen property and the instruments of the crime?

10. What is the main task of the officers of the Economic Crimes Department?

I l. Do you like your future profession?

12. What department will you work in after. graduating from the Moscow Law Institute?

13. Why do you prefer the work of an investigator (a detective)?

Ex. 21. Ask questions beginning with "whv" and answer them, work in patrs:

Model: The militia officers should be well educated persons.

St.: — Why should the militia officers be well educated persons? — Nobodv can say what crime they will face in their work.

l. We try to master a special course of Detective Activity, various branches of Law. Criminalistics. Crime Psycholoy and many other sub-

2. We must know how to interview witnesses.

3. Ail the evidence at the crime scene must be found, collected and preserved.

4. Our future work is noble and necessary.

5. The detective must detect the crilninal as soon as possible.

6. Verv-often the actual solution of a crime is in the crime scene.

7. The investigator examines the crime scene very carefully.

Ex. 22. Read and reproduce the dialogues:

— Can you take pictures?

Yes, I do it rather well.

— And what else can you do well?

can interview witnesses and do many other things.

— Are you going to be an investigator?

— Yes. I'd like to. — And what must the investigator know? — A lot. For example, to establish corpus delicti, reconstruct the happening, conduct the investigation properly, he must also be able to make a record of the crime scene inspection and do many other things. Then, he must know how to interrogate criminals, interview witnesses properly.

2 72

Oh, now I see that the work of an investigator includes so many duties.

3. I sav, what's your main daw as a future officer of the CID?

— Crimc prevention and crime solution.

And what does quick and accurate solution of a crime depend on?

Oh. it depends on training, education. practical skills of an oft2 icer and many other factors.

Ex. 23. Translate thc text using a dictionary.

Text "C"

NATURE OF INVESTIGATION

A criminal investigator is a person who collects facts to accom-plish a threefold aim: to identify and locate the guilty party and to provide evidence of his guilt. Investigation is an art and science. The tools of the investigator are for the sake of simplicity, referred to as the three "I's", namely: Information, Investigation, and Instrumentation. By the application of the three "I's" in varying proportions the investigator gathers the facts which are necessary to establish the guilt of the accused in a criminal trial.

It should be noted, that there arc no normative criteria for judging the success or failure of an investigation, The fact that the crime remains unsolved does not indicate a deficiency in the investigation; nor does a conviction of the accused necessarily mean that the investigation was conducted in an intelligent manner. An investigation may be considered a success if all the available information relevant and materia] to the issues or allegations of the case is uncovered. There is, however, no way of knowing, ordinarily, whether the information was available.

It is a common misconception that every crime is intrinsically soluble: that therc is always sufficient evidence available to reveal the identitv of the criminal; that the perpetrator always leaves traces at the crime scene which, in the hands of a discerning investigator or technician. will lead inevitably to his door. Many crimes are not susceptible of solution by reason of the fact that the evidence is insufficient. The absence of eyewitnesses, discernible motives and physical clues will obviously prohibit a solution unless the malefactor confesses. Often, the corpus delicti or fact that the crime was committed cannot be established, and even a conièssion is of little value.

The concept of "solving crime" does not satisfy the requirements of a completed investigation, To the general public, this term decribes merely the process of discovering the identitv of the suspect and apprehending him. These achievements, however- arc but two of the objectives of an investi[yalion and leave the investigator far from his ultimate goal of presenti112 sufficient evidence •n a court of taw to a conviction.

Finding the perpetrator is frequently the simplest phase of the investigation; obtaining the evidence to support the charge in court is often an exceedinglv complex task.

(O'Hara. Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation)

Ex. 24. Improvise a dialogue according to the situation:

Situation l: You've met a friend of yours you haven't secn long. Your friend is interested in vaur future profession as an officer of the Economic Crimes Department.

SHuation 2: Your friend is going to become an investit-rator. But he knows about this work. Tell him about it. (It mav be a dialogue),

Situation Your friend is QQing to become an officer ofthc Crirninat Department. He h,-ants to know from you all about this Bork.

TEKC.Tb1

2.1J1¶ 11'YF.1-'ViSr PE(ÞEPHPOBAHHSI

. INTERPOL AND THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG TRAFFIC.

2. PROBLEMS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. WHAT CAUSES CRIME?

TeKCT 1

3ana"'te 1. Flp0HHTaVne 3ar0AOBOK TeKc•ra H CKUKHTe, O B I-1e,M pegb. BcnOMHHte, HTO Bbl 3HaeTe no 3TOMY Bonpocy.

3aaanue 2. [Ipocwyrpv-r-re TeKCT Haw:vr-re a63a11b], rae pegb H.ae-r o:

a) nonpa3aeneHHH H8Tepnona, KOTOpoe 3aHHMaeTC¶ np06neMaMH 60Pb6b1 C KOHTPa6aHAOï1 HaPKOTMKOW, 6) neqaTH0M H3AaHHH, ny6m,1KyeMOM 3T'fM noapa-3neneHueM.

3anaHHe 3. Ilpoqvnaü•re RKCT 6e3 cn0Baps H nocTapaäTecs noHBTb 06111Hÿt CMb1CJ1 Teo•ra.

INTERPOL AND THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG TRAFFIC

l. The most serious menace facing society today is the trafficking and abuse of drugs. It could no longer be dealt with by health 01 well-fare agencies.

The fight against druz traffic has increasingly become the subject of real anli-crime policies implemented at national levels. It is now clear that. since the 1 970s, drugs trafficking has become the IT10St organized, most professional and most profitable of all illegal activities. The trafficker of todav has nothing in common with tvpical street-corncr pusher, hc is ruthless, highly-organized and Inobile. It is well-known that law enforcemcnt services throughout the world have increased their efforts and manpower in an attempt to contain this growing threat. Nevertheless, drug trafficking continues to gain Inomentum.

2. Similarly, Interpol has succeeded in drawing the attention of its members to the scale of the hidden economy generated bv the financial procccds of drug trafficking. Interpol has also adapted its structures and working Incthods to the new situation bv setting up a special group at the General Sceretariat.

Nowadays. tnost of the large international trafficking gangs engage in operations involving heroin and/or cocaine as well as cannabis. International cooperation has given an operational aspect to national laws on conspiracy to engage in drug traffic_ and the successes achieved have led to the adoption of a similar arsenal of 'egal weapons in those countries where such laws did not yet exist. Moreover, the results of international police cooperation have induced national authorities to revise their poliCies and to devote more resources to combating international trafficking.

3. Investigations can no longer be confined to the jurisdiction of the responsible investigating agency due to large-scale drug trafficking. lnterpol responds to that need. The Drugs Sub-Division handles those problems. [t is currently staffed by 26 police officers and analysts from 18 different countries around the world.

4. The overall aims of the Drugs Sub-Division are-to enhance coop. eration among national drug law enforcement services and stimulate the exchange of information among all national and international bodies concerned with countering the illicit production, traffic and use of drugs, and to strengthen the ability of national services to combat the illicit traffic.

To accomplish these aims, the Drugs Sub-Division maintains a dat.

bank containing all relevant drug-related information with an index of identified traffickers. coordinates international requests for information and investigations, and complies and disseminates both tactical and strategic intelligence.

Thc Drugs Sub-Division comprises two groups: the Operations Group and the Intelligence Group.

5. The Operations Group is staffed by 10 Liaison Officers, each of whom are rcsponsib]c for liaison with police authorities in a specific geographical area or zone. These Liaison Officers conduct regular visits to national drugs services in their assigned areas, and prepare situation reports, and assessments concerning the extent of the trafficking. On the basis of those reports and assessments specific activities are proposed for each region.

The dailv duties of the Liaison Officers consist of receiving and analyzing messages from national Central Bureaus in their geographical areas and zones. These messages, handled by the Interpol radio network, report on drugs seizures or request assistance in on-going investigations.

6. The Intelligence Group has the task assessing the worldwide drug trafficking situation, and collates incoming investigation data with a view to developing strategic intelligence. Since the development of computer serviccs the Intelligence Group has been able to process the data in different ways, to examine the quantities and types of drugs transported from one place to another, and to perfòrm in depth area studies.

7. Intelligence Officers are assigned to deal with information about a particular type af drug or to work on a specific project. At present, officers are assigned to cocaine, opiates, cannabis and psychotropic substances sections. Based on seizure data received daily, the Intelligence Group prepares the publication the "Weckty Intelligence Message' This bulletin contains several sections: items (If special interest, traffic trends, modus operandi and recent seizures of international significance. The last section gives not only the date and place of a seizure and the quantity of the drug confiscated, but also the Interpol file reference number and the identities of those arrested.

8. Special projects of the Intelligence Group are designed to provide a systematic and structured approach to combating a specific aspect of international drug trafficking which has been recognized as particularly serious and widespread.

9. There arc currently four special projects: The first concerns the fight against heroin traffic originating in South-West Asia and the Middle East (SWAP), another deals with the monitoring of suspect sea-going

vessels and their crews (Proiect 'Bateau,x”), the thi"d is а iong-term р1ап [о combat cocaine tratTlc in Europe (РАСТ Е: Programmed Action — Соcaine 1'rafftc — Europe). and the fburth is concerned with the tral'lic ог synthetic drugs and psychotropic sub stances diverted from legal markets.

(laternational Police Review, Februmy 1987, 404) Задание 4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

а) Why does the }nterpol handie the problems 0f combating drug trafHc?

Ь) What аге the functions ofthe 0pera1jons Group?

с) What is the lntelligence Огоир responsible for?

d) Но»: manv specia' projects аге currently handled Ьу the lnterpol?

Задание 5. Найдите в тексте место, где говорится о пиях деятельности подразделения Интерпола по борьбе с наркотиками.

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Задание 10. Скажите. что нового Вы узнали из текста“?

Текст 2

Задавис 1. Прочтите заголовок текста и скажите, о чем в нем пойдег речь. Скажите. какая ДИСЦИПЛИна (на»ка) изучает „эту проблему?

Задание 2. Прочтите текст, не ПОЛЬЗУЯСЬ словарем, и постарайтесь понять общий смысл текста.

PROBLEMS OF WVENR„E DELINQUENCY.

WHAT CAUSES СТМЕ?

1. What causes crime? Wher1 1 started to investigate juvenile crime started йот the premise that most children arc born thieves, The тоге have discussed the problem with those involved: police, zeachers. parents.

social workers. children and many others the more have ] been satisfied that Iny premise is correct.

But this wide contact has satisfied me about something else. Because thev are born thieves, it does not mean that most children arc born criminals. That is somethino they may become. They do so because of behavior and the attitudes of adults, often parents. and very frequently teachers. And that is the tragedy.

Il. We expect criminal parents to tend to bring up criminal children. But, conversely, we expect honest and law abiding parents to bring up honest and law abiding children. But do they? The appalling figures of juvenile delinquencv are Inore than disturbing.

Many parents have told me of their despair in finding that their children steal from mum's purse or handbag or the familv moneybox, tell lies on being detected and then do the same again.

Nevertheless, firm action in the home can ensure that this be-havior is eradicated and what I regard as the natural propensity of the child to take what he or she wants need never become ingrained as deliberate criminal behavior.

At the annual conference of the National Association of Schoolmasters and Union of Women Teachers at Harrogate last April, one speaker, Doncaster Headmaster John Atherfold said: "Girls are worse than boys. They are subject to little or no control from their parents and grow up in homes where assaults are the order ortbe day'

Il l. But what about crime among pupils in school? The original intention of my survey was to deal with this problem in isolation found such an approach to be impossible.

"What goes on in schools is a reflection of what goes on in soci-ety was told by Mr. R.F.Glover, the Deputy Secretarv of the Head-masters' Conference.

Onlv a few months ago, speaking at a dinner of Scottish Asso•ciation for the Sludv of Delinquency at Peebles. Sir David McNee. London's Commissioner or Police, declared that a lowering of moral standards, a decline in religious beliefs and a lack of parental and familv influence were the main reasons for the increasing crime rate.

IV. The result of my talks with children on juvenilc crime in gen-

PARENTS: There was an overwhelming criticism by the children of the lack of concern and discipline shown by their parents;

IMENT: A very large majority recognized the need for an effective punishment. called for the return of corporal punishment and asked for firmer discipline ill schools.

One other important point is that they asked for more, and in particular, less expensive, recreational facilities.

V. Every approach made at Government level seems to be that of the treatment of young offenders after they have been allowed to become criminals and have committed offences. But custodial sentences have not proved a success. The number of juveniles convicted to borstal rose from 818 in 1969 to 2. 1 1 7 in 1978, and the number sent to detention centres increased from 2.228 in 1969 to 6.303 in ' 978. But of the juveniles leaving borstals were convicted of further oflènces within the next two years. Very far from a succcss story.

VI. So let us go back to the beginning and sec if there is anything new which should be tackled at the stage where the young born thief may be so influenced that he doesn't become a criminal and the useless borstals and detention centres will be empty,

It is an interesting point, confirming the views of the •„vorkin2 schoolchildren, that in an earlier study in 1978 by Harriett Wilson and G. W Herbert called "Parents and Children in the Inner CiLv•• thev had already found that parents who use strict methods of supervision had few, if anv, delinquent children, while the children from lax parents frequentlv had a string of convictions.

What is more. and probably just as important, am satisfied that a survey on similar lines to test the association between school discipline and juvenile delinquency in all areas would show bevond doubt that this is the second important factor in the equation.

As delegates have described at teacher's conferences over and over agam some schools are undisciplined so real teaching is impossible,

Which brings me finally to the net result of all this: a 1979 total of 16, 000 boys and 2, 000 girls aged between 10 and 14 years sentenced for similar serious crimes. [n 1978, the number of youngsters under the age of 14 vears involved in atl the indictable offences cleared up by the police represented 14 per cent. One of the most persistent types of critne which

bring youngsters before the courts every day is shoplifting.

One legal adviser who deals with West End shoplifting bv voungsters told me that in this view magistrates often impose soft sentences and it Incans that the seriousness of the offence is not sufficiently impresscd on the children.

The fact that a caution is usually given fòr a first offence, he believes, is not a good thing. For here the child thinks it has got away with it and this can only encourage him to commit a further offence.

There is considerable evidence now to show that where the work of police. school, and community is carried in there has been a marked effect on juvenile crime.

But it remains a fact that it is in the home and in the school that criminals are inade and it is here that a change Of heart is needed, Evidence shows that truancy is widespread and this plays a large part of the growth of juvenile crime: Both parents and schools staff who accept the absenteeism of their children, or arc so lax that thev do not even know voungsters are not regularly attending school, are encouraging the tragedy of juvenile delinquency.

(bv Robert Traini, "Security Gazette',

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VOCABULARY

abuse, — злоупотреблћть, п злоупотребление, drug abuse — наркомания accept, принимать. допускать accuse, (о) — обвинять (в ч.-л.) accusation, п — обвинение accused, рр— обвиняемый adjust, приспосабливать admissibility, п приемлемость administer, — управлять, отправлять administration, п управление, отправление (правосудия) adopt, принять (закон, документ) ahead, ad. — впереди aid, п— помощь, f•rst aid— первая помощь along. prep— по, вдоль alter, v — менять (ся) alteration, п — изменение amcndment, п поправка арреа|, v обжаловать, п —аппеляция, обжалование application, п 1) применение: 2) заявление appoint, назначать appointment, п — назначение apprehcnd, v — задержать, арестовать apprehension, п задержание, арест approve, — одобрять, утверждать approval, п одобрение architecture, п архитектура area, п — район, площадь arragn, v — предъявлять обвинение arraignment, п — предъявление обвинения arrest, п — арест to таКе ап arrest— произвести арест article, п — предмет (syn. item)

as far as — до.

associate, — соединять, связывать association. п — обгцество, ассоциация to be associated with — быть связанным с; ассоциироваться assume, v — предполагать. допускать attract, привлекать attractive, а привлекательный attract attention— привлекать внимание authoritv, п 1) власть, полномочие 2) обязанность

З) сфера компетенции available, а — доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении

В баск, ad. назад залог р!асе оп bai| отпускать под залог бе devoted (to) — посвящаться be named (after) носить имя [те rich (in) изобиловать be situated располагаться бе washed (bv) - омываться

Ьесоте (Ьесате, Ьесоте), v СТАНОВИТЬСЯ behavior, п поведение behind. ad — позади be]ong. v принадлежать biood. п кровь bloodstains пятна крови орган book, ч; регистрировать bookin2 card — регистрационная карточка both and как так и bribe, п — взятка bribery, п — взяточничество bring (brought, brought), — приносить, привозить, приводить burglary. п — кража со взломом

с сам, — делать слешок, п слепок casting cquipment оборудование для снятия слепков cause, вызывать, причинять.

- причина causal factors причинные факторы probable and reasonable саше — достаточное основание chain. п — цепь chain ofevidencc — цепочка доказательств chamber, п палата change, п — пересадка change, — (for) пересаживаться (на) change from to... пересаживаться с на таКе а change делать пересадку charge, (кк ith) — обвинять (в чем-либо) charge, п — обвинение оп а charge по обвинению citizen, п — гражданин circumstance. п обстоятельство cjrc.umstantiai. а - - косвенный claim. заявлять, •етвержлать clcar, v снять обвинение coast, п — морской берег, побережье codify, v систематизировать collect, v собирать (syn. gathcr) collection, п — коллекция: собирание comfMtable. а — удобный commission. п — совершение comnut, v совершать compare, v — сравнивать complain, v— подавать жалоб',' complaint, п — жалоба, иск completc, а полный. завершенный complicated, а сложный compose, v составлять, сочинять composition, п состав, структура, сочинение be composed of— состоять из

сопсегп, — касаться, относиться confess, — признаваться confession, п — признание connection. п — связь consist. v (00 — состоять (из) constitute, — составлять contain, v включать в себя contaminate, — загрязнять contamination, п — загрязнение correct, — исправлять corrcctions, п — исправительные учреждения corroborative, а — подтверждающий convenient. а — удобный convenicnce, п — удобство convict, (01) осуждать, п — осужденный conviction, в ОбВИпительныЙ приговор, осуждение corpus delicti — состав преступления court, п суд credible, а — заслуживающий доверия crime. п преступление cross, — переходить, пересекать crossmg, п - переход crossruads, п перекресток custody, п — охрана, хранение custom, п — обычай

dactyloscopy, п — дактилоскопия danger, п — опасность dangerous. а— опасный data, п — данные. сведения dead, а — мертвый deal (dealt, dealt), — (with) иметь дело с; рассматривать decide, решать decision, п — решение defend. v защищать defence, п — защита

defendant, п — обвиняемый, подсудимый defne, определять de6nition, п — определение delinquency, п преступность (несовершеннолетних) delivery, п — доставка depend, У — зависеть dependence, п — зависимость dependent, а зависимый desig, п — рисунок destroy, v — разрушать destruction, п — разрушение detect, v — разыскивать, раскрывать (преступление) detection, п — розыск detective, п — сышик determine, v — определять develop, v — развивать, проявлять (снимки) development, п развитие devote, v посвящать differ, v — различать difference, п — различие discover, обнаружить discovery, п —обнаружение direct, — направлять direction, п направление dismiss а charge снять обвинение

Те а charge направлять обвинение в суд disposition. п — размещение distinction', п различие, отличие, разница distinctive, а — отличительный divergent, а — расходящийся be divergent — расходиться (во мнениях) divide, — делить division, п — деление, отдел draft, v — составлять план, п— проект drive (drove, driven), v — водить (машину) driver's licence— водительские права drug, п наркотик


drug traffc — торговля наркотиками dust, v — обрабатывать порошком

either,.. от — либо либо etect, — выбирать e|ection, п — выборы etector, п избиратель electoral, а — избирательный embezzlement, п — хищение, растрата empIoy, — применять employment, п — 1) работа, 2) применение empower, v уполномочивать enact, — вводить закон, ПОСТаНОВЛЯТЬ enactment, п — указ, закон; введение закона в силу епету, п — враг епјоу, v — пользоваться (правами) enlargement, п — увеличение ensure, v — обеспечивать enter, v — вступать, войти, поступить (в вуз) cqual, а— равный equality, п — равенство, равноправие escape. — скрыться. сбежать essential, а — существенный essentially, ad — по-существу, существенно establish, v — устанавливать, учреждать establishment, п— учреждение evidence, п — улики, доказательства material evidence вещественные улики physical evidence — материальные exact, а — точный examine, v — осматривать, исследовать examination, п — осмотр, исследование executive, а — исполнительный exercise, — осуществлять, п— осуществление exhibit, п экспонат exhibition, л — выставка

'export, п вывоз, экспорт ex'port, v — вывозить, экспортировать express, — выражать expression, п — выражение extortion, п — вымогательство extraneous, а— посторонний, чуждый eyewitness, п — очевидец

fugitive, п l) беглец 2) дезертир face, (а crime) — столкнуться, встретиться (с преступлением) faciiities, п — 1) приспособление, оборудование, аппаратура

2) средства обслуживания (зд. спец. курсы подготовки) famous, а — знаменитый be famous for — славиться чем-либо fare, п — плата за проезд feature, п — черта felony, п тяжкое уголовное преступление бороться, п борьба

— подавать документы п — дело, досье картотека, дела, досье fnd, v — находить бое, v штрафовать рау а бос — заплатить штраф fingerprint, п — отпечаток пальца — соответствовать f1exiblc, а— гибкий follow те! — следуйте за мной! forgcry, п — подделка forge, — подделывать form, v — образовывать form, п — форма found, v — основывать founder, п — основатель foundation, п — основа, основание fraud, п — мошенничество

free, а свободный freedom, п — свобода frequently, ad часто

— полный be full (о» — быть заполненным fundamental, а — основной

gains, п — заво<


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