The present perfect (настоящее совершенное время)

Has / have + V3

The present perfect образуется при помощиглагола has or have и третьей формы глагола, например:

I have walked, she has gone, they have seen.

 

The present perfect используется в следующих случаях:

Для обозначения законченного действия, происшедшего в прошедшем времени, результат которого очевиден в настоящем.

Показатели:

Just

Already

Yet

Примеры:

Someone has broken the window. (RESULT NOW: it is still broken, and needs to be mended)

The taxi has arrived. (RESULT NOW: someone needs to go and get into the taxi)

Jane’s hurt her hand, so she can’t write. (RESULT NOW: Jane can’t write)

Jane’s just left, but you might catch her in the car park.

 

Для обозначения действия, начавшегося в прошлом, но продолжающегося до настоящего момента

Показатели:

Since

For

 

Сравните предложения:

present perfect: I have lived in Chicago for many years. (=I still live there now)

simple past: I lived in Chicago for many years. (="now" I live somewhere else)

present perfect: Jim has worked for us since 1992. (="he" still works for us now)

simple past: Jim worked for us from 1992 to 1996. (="he" does not work for us any more)

 

Для обозначения законченного действия, происшедшего в прошедшем времени, но не важно, когда именно

Показатели:

Ever

Never

Примеры:

She has had several jobs abroad.

There have been problems with this system in the past.

Have you ever visited Scotland?

I’ve never been in a plane before.

 

Если указывается, когда происходило действие, необходимо использовать the simple past, а не the present perfect.

Примеры:

I spoke to him yesterday. NOT I have spoken to him yesterday.

They arrived in the US last week. NOT They have arrived in the US last week.

 

THE PAST PERFECT (Прошедшее совершенное время)

Had+V3

 

Употребляется, когда необходимо указать, что одно действие произошло раньше другого.

Показатели:

Before

After

When

Примеры:

After the visitors had left, we watched TV.

They told me that the taxi had already arrived

THE FUTURE PERFECT (Будущее совершенное время)

Will have + V3

Обозначает действие, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем:

He’ll have written the book by next month.

PERFECT TENSES

Тренировочные упражнения

Выберите правильный вариант ответа

 

1. A passenger plane ____ into the ocean.

 

1) crashing 2) has crashed 3) 've crashed 4) was crashing

 

2. Who is that old gentleman? I ____ him before.

 

1) never saw 3) have never seen

2) never see 4) had never seen

 

3. My boyfriend was ill before Christmas, but he ____ fine since then.

 

1) has been 2) was 3) is 4) had been

 

4. Mr Winthrop was sorry that he ____ rude to Mary.

 

1) was 2) had been 3) has been 4) is

 

5. They are sure they ____ decorating the flat by tomorrow evening.

 

1) would finish 3) have finished

2) are finishing 4) will have finished

 

6. My car ____ 50.000 miles.

 

1) has already done 3) have already done

2) is done 4) has been done

 

7. Jorge ____to school.

 

1) has already walked 3) would already walk

2) already walk 4) already walks

 

8. John lives here. He ____ in the same house since 1962.

 

1) lives 2) is living 3) has lived 4) lived

 

9. ____ eaten snails?

 

1) Did you ever 3) Have you ever

2) Do you 4) I have never

 

10. We arrived at the cinema late. The film ____.

 

1) had already begun 3) is beginning

2) already began 4) has already begun

PERFECT TENSES

Контрольный тест

Выберите правильный вариант ответа

 

1. We ____what to do with the money yet.

 

1) haven't decided 3) decided

2) didn't decide 4) decide

 

2. John ____ in New York for ten years before he moved to California.

 

1) has lived 2) had lived 3) lives 4) was living

 

3. I ____ my last novel. I can give you a copy.

 

1) writing 3) write

2) have just written 4) was writing

 

4. He ____ from his job. Now he has a lot of free time.

 

1) will retire 3) retire

2) has just retired 4) was retiring

 

5. You can talk to Mr Black, he ____ up.

 

1) woke 3) was waking

2) has just woken 4) wakes

6. – How long ____ your car?
– I've had it since Christmas.

 

1) have you had 3) do you have

2) did you have 4) have you

7. – How long ____ ill?
– I've been ill for two weeks.

 

1) were you 3) are you

2) have you been 4) had you been

 

8. What ____? Why is the room full of smoke?

 

1) happens 2) 's happened 3) 'll happen 4) 'd happened

 

9. – You ____ my vase!
– It was an accident.

 

1) had broke 3) break

2) were breaking 4) have broken

 

10. We ____ here since Friday.

 

1) worked 2) are working 3) work 4) have worked

THE PASSIVE VOICE (Пассивный залог)

Времена в активном и пассивном залогах

Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple to translate to be translated

Continuous to be translating to be being translated

Perfect to have translated to have been translated

Perfect Continuous to have been translating ( по лицам и числам изменяется только подчёркнутый глагол)

Глагол употребляется в активном (действительном) залоге, если предмет сам совершает действие:

 

I speak English. They built the bridge last year.

 

Если действие совершается над предметом, употребляется пассивный (страдательный) залог:

 

English is spoken in the UK. The bridge was built last year.

 

В английском языке пассивный залог употребляется намного чаще, чем в русском языке. При переводе на русский язык предложений в пассивном залоге можно употреблять активный залог.

 

English is spoken in Great Britain. В Великобритании говорят на английском языке.

The bridge was built last year. Мост построили в прошлом году.

Примеры разных форм Passive Voice:

English is spoken in the UK – Present Simple Passive

The bridge was built last year – Past Simple Passive

The bridge will be built next year - Future Simple Passive

Look! The bridge is being built - Present Progressive Passive

The bridge was being built - Past Progressive Passive

The bridge has already been built - Present Perfect Passive

The bridge had been built before I came to the city - Past Perfect Passive

The bridge will have been built by 2010 - Future Perfect Passive

PASSIVE VOICE

Тренировочные упражнения

Выберите правильный вариант ответа

 

1. The Mansion is old, but its beauty ____.

 

1) can still have been seen 3) can still be seing

2) can still be seen 4) can still see

 

2. If there is something important, you ____ in advance.

 

1) are told 3) will be telling

2) been told 4) will be told

 

3. I didn't know why she ____.

 

1) was chosen 3) has been chosen

2) had been chosen 4) is chosen

 

4. They ____ all the ways of making the wine.

 

1) were shown 2) shown 3) was showing 4) shows

 

5. Concorde ____ by film stars and business people.

 

1) is much using 3) uses much

2) is much used 4) used much

 

6. We can't use the concert hall yet because it ____.

 

1) still has built 3) is still being built

2) still having built 4) was still built

 

7. A lot of lies ____ to her by her boss.

 

1) were told 2) told 3) have told 4) has told

 

8. A great deal of property ____ by hurricanes.

 

1) is destroyed 2) is destroying 3) destroyed 4)has destroyed

 

9. Some new equipment ____ by the company.

 

1) had been ordered 3) ordered

2) had ordered 4) order

 

10. The papers ____ tomorrow.

 

1) will receive 3) are received

2) will be received 4) received

PASSIVE VOICE

Контрольный тест

Выберите правильный вариант ответа

 

1. A new concert hall ____ in the city center.

 

1) is building 2) is being built 3) built 4) has built

 

2. Complaints should ____ to the head office.

 

1) are sent 2) send 3) be sent 4) sent

 

3. Next year's congress ____ in Washington.

 

1) was held 2) is held 3) will be held 4) hold

 

4. I can't find my book. It _____ by someone.

 

1) is taking 2) has taken 3) has been taken 4) took

 

5. She ____ by everybody.

 

1) is liked 2) likes 3) has liked 4) liked

 

6. The room looks so nice! It ____ since I was last here.

 

1) has been decorated 3) decorated

2) is decorated 4) has decorated

 

7. The mail ____ by the postman.

 

1) were delivered 2) delivered 3) delivers 4) is delivered

 

8. Tom ____ the money because he didn't work.

 

1) gives 2) was given 3) wasn't given 4) to give

 

9. I _____ that Jane was ill.

 

1) tells 2) telling 3) to tell 4) was told

 

10. When Jane retired she _____ a gift from her colleagues.

 

1) presents 2) to present 3) is presented 4) was presented

PRONOUNS (Местоимения)

Местоимения – важнейшая часть речи. Без неё человек ничего не может рассказать о себе и не сможет участвовать в простейшем разговоре. Между русскими и английскими местоимениями нет полной аналогии. В таблице суммированы и систематизированы по лицам и числам личные, притяжательные, возвратные и другие типы местоимений.

 

Функция
Подле – жащего	Дополне- ния	Определе-ния	Подлежащ. дополнен.	Дополне – ния	Определе – ния	Определе- ния	Определе- ния
Личные в имен. падеже	Личные в объектн. падеже	Притяжательные	Абсолют – ные	Возврат – ные	Указатель ные	Вопросительные	Неопределённые
I You He She It We You They	me you him her it us you them	my your his her its our your their	mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs	myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves	this that– ед. ч these those - мн such same	What What kind of Which Whose How many Who Whose What which	each either neither every some any no none much /many little / few

 

 

Примеры использования разных типов местоимений

Personal pronouns

Nobody except me knows where the key is kept, and I am not telling you.

Tom is faster than me, but I am stronger than him.

Thailand is quite unusual: it has never been ruled by another country.

My bike ’s been given trouble, so I am taking it into the garage.

John is two years older than Mary, but she is nearlyas tall as him.

 

Possessives

Alice hurt her foot very badly yesterday.

Take your foot out of the table. Its legs are not very strong.

That dog hurt its tail.

Chris and Pam never cut the grass in their garden.

That is my coat, and the scarf is mine too.

His score was better than hers.

Their holiday starts the week after ours.

Some, any, no

Some (немного, несколько) употребляется в утвердительных предложениях и в вопросах-просьбах:

I have some money.

He has some books about England.

Any (немного, несколько) употребляется в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях

Если any употребляется в утвердительных предложениях, то переводится «любой»:

You can exchange dollars in any bank.

No употребляется в отрицательных предложениях, переводится «нисколько»:

He has no money to buy this car.

Cравните:

I have some money.

Do you have any money?

I don’ t have any money.

I have no money.

Местоимения some, any, no имеют несколько производных, правила их употребления такие же

Somebody anybody nobody

Something anything nothing

Somewhere anywhere nowhere

Примеры:

There is something I can do.

Is there anything I can do?

There isn’t anything I can do.

There is nothing I can do.

I went nowhere during the holidays.

I didn’t go anywhere during the holidays.

Much, Many(много)