Possible Future Sources of Natural Gas

One experimental idea is to use the methane gas that is naturally produced from landfills to supply power to cities. Tests have shown that methane gas could be a financially sustainable power source.

There are plans in Ontario to capture the biogas, methane gases rising from the manure of cattle caged in a factory farm, and to use that gas to provide power to a small town. There is also the possibility that with the source separation of organic materials from the waste stream that by using an anaerobic digester, the methane can be used to produce usable energy. This can be improved by adding other organic material (plants as well as slaughter house waste) to the digester. A speculative source of enormous quantities of methane is from methane hydrate, found under sediments in the oceans. At present (2006), no technology has been developed to recover this source of energy economically.

In any form, a minute amount of odorant such as methyl mercaptan, with a rotting-cabbage-like smell, is added to the otherwise colourless and odorless gas, so that leaks can be detected before a fire or explosion occurs. Sometimes a related compound, ethyl mercaptan is used, with a rotten-egg smell. Adding odorant to natural gas began in the United States after the 1937 New London School explosion. The buildup of gas in the school went unnoticed, killing three hundred students and faculty when it ignited.

Although concentrated thiols are extremely toxic, it is considered non-toxic in the extremely low concentrations in which it occurs in natural gas delivered to the end user. For example, a safe exposure level to ethyl mercaptan at 5 parts per million over an eight-hour period has been established by the American Congress of Government and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

Actual concentrations used by gas companies are on the order of 5 parts per billion (5 parts in 109), one-thousandth the maximum safe limit. In mines, where methane seeping from rock formations has no odor, sensors are used, and mining apparatus has been specifically developed to avoid ignition sources, e.g., the Davy lamp.

Explosions caused by natural gas leaks occur a few times each year. Individual homes, small businesses and boats are most frequently affected when an internal leak builds up gas inside the structure. Frequently, the blast will be enough to significantly damage a building but leave it standing. In these cases, the people inside tend to have minor to moderate injuries. Occasionally, the gas can collect in high enough quantities to cause a deadly explosion, disintegrating one or more buildings in the process. The gas usually dissipates readily outdoors, but can sometimes collect in dangerous quantities if weather conditions are right. Also, considering the tens of millions of structures that use the fuel, the individual risk of using natural gas is very low.

Some gas fields yield sour gas containing hydrogen sulfide. This untreated gas is toxic. Extraction of natural gas (or oil) leads to decrease in pressure in the reservoir. This in turn may lead to subsidence at ground level. Subsidence may affect ecosystems, waterways, sewer and water supply systems, foundations, etc.

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Historical Tour of Oklahoma’s Oil & Gas Industry

The first recorded oil well in what is now Oklahoma was completed in 1859, the same year that Colonel Edwin Drake ushered in the age of oil at Titusville, Pennsylvania. Although Oklahoma’s first oil find was accidental - the driller was seeking saltwater - other oil men quickly invaded the Indian Territory in search of «black gold». Their efforts were hampered severely by governmental regulation, inadequate transportation facilities and the lack of a readily accessible market.

Nevertheless, on April 15, 1897, a shot of nitroglycerin brought in the Nellie Johnstone No. 1 - The first commercial oil well in Oklahoma. Just before Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory were united in single statehood in 1907, a fantastic oil-boom era begins in the region. Its immense oil riches ignited a mineral rush that would ebb and flow across the twin territories and the state for more than thirty years and would rival all previous quests for hidden wealth in the American West.

The Oklahoma oil fields were part of the huge Mid-Continent Oil Region that stretched from central Texas across Oklahoma to eastern Kansas. Within this vast reservoir of crude oil were some of the nation’s greatest oil finds. Texas boasted of Desdemona, Eastland, Ranger, Breckenridge, Electra and Burkburnett; Kansas has Neodesha, Augusta, Eldorado, and Paola; Oklahoma claimed Cleveland, Red Fork, Glenn Pool, the Osage, Burbank, Cushing, Healdton, Three Sands, Garber, the Greater Seminole, Oklahoma City, and many others.

More than 8,804,000,000 barrels of crude were pumped from the various pools of the Mid-Continent Region from 1900 to 1935. In twenty-seven of these thirty-five years, this region ranked first among the nation's major producing areas. Moreover, in the years between 1918 and 1922 and between 1924 and 1935, the Mid-Continent Oil Region poured forth more than half of all the crude produced within the United States.

Oklahoma was consistently a leader in production within the Mid-Continent Region. For twenty-two of the years between 1900 and 1935 it ranked first among the Mid-Continent Region states in production, and for nine years it was second.

With each new oil pool brought into production, one or more boom towns were created. Many of these suddenly thriving communities previously had been rural hamlets, but others were entirely new creations spawned by the rush for wealth. Most of the boom towns sank back into obscurity or oblivion when production declined from the pools which had given them life. Several of them, however, survived and are modern, progressive communities.

The development of most boom towns followed a similar pattern. First, the discovery of a new pool of oil by an enterprising wildcatter would ignite a frenzy of excitement marked by a furious scramble to lease the most promising lands. With the beginning of drilling activity, the community nearest the fields would be inundated by oil-field workers. This rush of humanity would stimulate the frantic construction of hotels, cafès, pool halls, and other establishments designed to meet the needs of the workers. The town would mushroom as men and women of various backgrounds would flock to the area to share in the wealth generated by the black gold flowing from the earth. Frequently the boom towns were so crowded that workers were forced to sleep in tents, on rooftops, or even under pool tables.

The fact that many workers who followed the oil strikes either were single men or had left their families at home added to the chaos of the boom towns. Without the stabilizing influence of wives and families, the men were more likely to spend their leisure time and money in saloons, dance halls, and bawdy houses.

Civilizing elements, such as churches and law enforcement agencies, faced a difficult battle under these circumstances. However, in those towns where prosperity persisted over a sufficient period of time, the forces of order and law dominated. More men married or brought their families to the community, schools were constructed, and churches grew in number and attendance. Many of the towns, of course, declined or even died before the civilizing process could take place. Yet, even in those places, law-abiding individuals and legitimate businessmen sought to bring stability to the chaos and to establish enduring cities.

Oil made Oklahoma. It ushered the state into the twentieth century and gave it an economic base that for decade allowed continued development. Boom towns, gambling wildcatters, and the men and women whose labor made it all possible are vital elements of the state's heritage. Moreover, the state’s petroleum industry had influence far beyond Oklahoma’s borders.

Technological innovations first tried in the Oklahoma oil fields revolutionized the industry, and the oil fortunes made within the state laid the foundations for some of the world’s greatest energy companies, which went on to develop the petroleum industry in dozens of other countries. In 1963 the Oklahoma Petroleum Council, later to be merged into the Mid-Continent Oil & Gas Association, and the Oklahoma Historical Society began a cooperative programme to mark some of the significant sites and events in the history of the petroleum industry in Oklahoma.

The participation of the Council and the Association in this activity has been coordinated by a Historical Committee, which works with the Historical Society on research, site selection and dedication plans. In only one other state has there been such a systematic method of telling the story, by means of historical monuments, of the significant role played by oil and gas.

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