Тема: the importance of farm animals грамматика и лексика

IV. Аудиторная работа включает задания по смысловой обработке текста А и текст В с упражнениями для работы без словаря.

В Грамматическом справочнике обобщаются некоторые раз­делы пройденного ранее материала (временные формы в действи­тельном и страдательном залоге, причастия). При изложении но­вого грамматического материала после каждой темы следует за­дание на первичное осмысление в виде тренировочного упражне­ния. Все задания снабжены ключами для самоконтроля, которые помещены в конце грамматического справочника. В Граммати­ческом справочнике дается список наиболее употребительных словообразовательных элементов, а также таблица нестандарт­ных глаголов, встречающихся в пособии.

LESSON 1

Пояснения к тексту

1. animal husbandry - животноводство

2. the breeding of farm animals - разведение сельскохозяйственных животных

3. plant growing- растениеводство

4. draft animals - тягловый (рабочий) скот

Запомните:

1. some - несколько, некоторый

2. the same - тот же самый, один и тот же

Активные слова и выражения

animal, animal husbandry, dairy, beef, cattle, hog, sheep, poultry to breed (bred), to produce, to supply (with), meat, milk, egg grail, grain, to feed (fed), domestic, horse, livestock, to use, some, the same.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на слова some и same.

1. Some farmers breed only cattle; some-cattle, hogs and poultry. 2. This is the same farmer whom we saw yesterday. 3. Give me some milk. 4. Use this method and you will get the same results.

LESSON 2

ТЕМА: MIXED FARM ГРАММАТИКА:

Временные формы глагола групп Continuous и Perfect (Active, Passive) (повторение)

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ:

1. Суффиксы -er, -ive

2. Конверсия

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

animal husbandry, the breeding of farm animals, dairy cattle, beef cattle, hog, sheep, poultry, to breed, to feed, to produce, meat, milk, egg, grass, grain, livestock, in summer, in winter, in the fall (in autumn), in spring, to supply (with).

II. Переведите следующие производные слова:

а) Существительные, образованные от глагола при помощи суффикса -er (or). Такие существительные обозначают действую­щее лицо или машину.

to breed - breeder, sheep breeder

to grow - grower, vegetable grower

to plant (сажать) - planter

(существительное, образованное от глагола) worker - рабочий

(прилагательное или наречие в сравнитель­ной степени)

выше

higher

более высокий

б) Прилагательные, образованные от глаголов при помощи суффикса - ive. to produce - productive to progress - progressive

в) В английском языке новые слова могут образовываться и без добавления суффиксов и префиксов, без изменения основной формы слова. При этом образуются слова, относящиеся к другой части речи. Такой способ словообразования называется конверсией.

water – вода; to water - поить водой, поливать; farm - ферма, хозяйство to farm - заниматься сельским хоз; pasture – пастбище; to pasture - пасти (сь).

MIXED FARM

This is a big mixed farm. It has been known for about 100 years. The farmer grows some grain crops such as oats, rye and barley. Wheat is cultivated to a less extent because it does not grow well here. Different kinds of fruit and vegetables are also grown on this farm. Oats and rye are grown as fodder for the animals. A large part of potatoes, cabbages and beets is also grown for fodder. The farmer has practised different kinds of rotations.

On the farm, there is a good cattle herd. All the animals belong to high productive breeds.

In winter the cattle are kept in the cowsheds and take exercise every day. They are on pasture 3-4 hours daily. In summer they are pastured all day long. Pasture provides feed and a lot of exercise. The animals grow and develop well on pastures.

Besides cattle the farm breeds sheep, pigs, and poultry. Cows are bred mostly for milk, sheep for meat and wool, pigs for pork and bacon and poultry for meat and eggs.

There are many different kinds of farm buildings on the farm. They are cowsheds, pigsties, sheep-pens and poultry houses.

There are not many horses on the farm. Nearly all the work is done by farmers with the help of machines.

There is always much work to do on the farm. It is necessary to work in the fields, to feed the animals, to milk the cows and to collect the eggs.

Now the farmer is in the pigsty. He is feeding the pigs.

Пояснения к тексту

to a less extent - в меньшей степени

to take exercise - упражняться, иметь моцион

a lot of - много

АКТИВНЫЕ СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ

to grow (grew, grown), crop, oats, barley, wheat, fodder, kind, a breed, herd, to keep (kept), exercise, pasture, pig, cow, pigsty, sheep-pen, cowshed.

LESSON 3

ТЕМА: FARMER'S WORK ГРАММАТИКА:

1. Обороты долженствования, § I

2. Значения глагола "to be" (повторение)

3.Значения глагола "to have" (повторение)

Пояснения к тексту

1. by no means - ни в коем случае

2. to take care of - заботиться о..., проявлять заботу о...

3. in order to- для того, чтобы

Активные слова и выражения

healthy, stable, clear, lamb, calf (calves), to fatten, proper, care, management, dry, light, root crop, to collect.

VI. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами: incubator, buildings, management, exercise, cowshed, pigs

1. Proper care and... of the cattle are very important. 2. Pastures provide a lot of... and feed. 3. All the... for the animals should be clean and well ventilated. 4. Cattle and... are fattened on this farm. 5. Chickens are bred in.... 6. There is a new... on their farm.

VII. Выделите обороты "долженствования", переведите.

1. Different grasses are то be grown for feeding livestock. 2. Poultry houses ought to be light. 3. Farmers must feed their animals properly. 4. He is to collect eggs. 5. This work had to be done by hand. 6. They should not feed the lambs now 7. You are to do this work to-day. 8. She has to milk the cows. 9. They will have to do this work tomorrow.

VIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение глаголов "to be" и "to have".

а) 1. This farm is not big. 2. The farmer is feeding the calves now. 3. Dairy cows are to be fed properly. 4. Cattle are kept on pasture in summer. 5. There are different farm buildings on the farm.

b) 1. They have a good cattle herd. 2. He has to clean the stables. 3. She has milked the cows.

IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. Is the farmer's work easy?

2. What must the farmer do on his farm?

3. Why should the farmer grow grasses and root crops?

4. What is the soil plowed with?

5. Are cows milked by electricity now?

6. How are chickens bred now?

LESSON 4

ТЕМА: DAIRY FARM ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Существительное в функции определения, § 2

2. Слова с окончанием -ed (повторение)

3. Значения "as" и его сочетаний

4. Парный союз "both... and"

5. Местоимение "both"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

beef cattle, lamb, to fatten, herd, management, oats, exercise, to feed, fodder, to provide, cow, proper, grass, to produce, in order to, poultry, calf, to keep, daily.

DAIRY FARM

The area of the farm is 420 acres, 350 of which is in grass.

There are about 250 caws and about 250 calves on the farm. The farm has 20 bulls as well. The heifers are kept in age groups of 20 to 30 in each. Two or three bulls are provided for each group. All the cows kept on the farm belong to high-productive breeds.

The average milk yield obtained from a cow has increased from 600 to 700 or 800 gallons per year.

Dairy cows are milked twice a day. As to the high-yielding cows they have to be milked three times a day. Cows are not milked by hand. They arc milked with special machines.

As the climate of the region is mild the cattle are kept on pasture both in summer and in winter. Permanent as well as temporary pastures are very good here, because the soil is fertile. The main pasture grasses are clover and alfalfa.

The pasture land is divided into 75 paddocks. Each paddock is not more than four acres. The pastures are commonly grazed at about 100 cows to the acre and the interval between glazings is rather long.. When supplementary feed is necessary, it is given to the dairy cows in the form of concentrates or root crops and sometimes in the form of silage.

The amount of feed consumed by the cow per day varies with the amount of milk produced by the cow and her live weight.

The quality of the feed is as important as its quantity.

Пояснения к тексту

to vary with - изменяться в зависимости от; зависеть от

Запомните:

1.a day

per day - в день

dairy

2.both - оба

both... and - как... так и; и... и

3.as - т.к., как, когда, по мере того как
as to - что касается as well - также
as well as - гак же как; а также

as... as - так (ой) же... как

Активные слова и выражения

bull, heifer, age, average, yield, to increase, permanent, clover, alfalfa, supplementary, silage, to consume, amount, weight, quality, to vary with, temporary, to obtain, as, as to, as well, as well as, both, both... and.

V.Переведите следующие сочетания слов, содержащие существительные в функции определения.

grain crop yields, milk production, farm specialist, summer pasture, lactation period, milk cow breeds, beef cattle management, milk cow ration, protein amount, milk yield.

FARMS IN ENGLAND

There are about 53500 farms in England. Most of them are small farms, less than 50 acres each. These small farms are family farms. All the work on the farm is done by the farmer and his family.

The types of farms in England vary with the soil and climate. In the Eastern part of England most farms are arable, that is farmers grow different crops such as grain crops, potatoes and others. In the Eastern part of the country dairy farms are predominant.

Small farms in England are usually mixed farms on which farmers grow vegetables and fruit as well as keep cows, pigs and poultry for home use. They are to grow different crops and grasses in order to feed the animals.

The main aim in the agricultural policy of this country is the production of more meat than the increase in milk production.

LESSON 5

ТЕМА: BEEF PRODUCTION FARM ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

1. Отглагольное существительное (Verbal Noun), § 11

2. Герундий (Gerund), § 12

3. Причастие I (Present Participle) (повторение)

4. Значения слова "most"

I. Слова и выражении для повторения:

amount, quantity, quality, to consume, yield, as well as, poultrybreeder, as well, pasture, beef production, weight, silage, calf (calves), to fatten, properly, cattle, to keep, healthy, meat, kind, cow, sheep, supplementary, to increase, average, to vary with.

II.Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных
слов.

separation, total, climatic, section, classification, concentrate, energy, illustration, result, carbohydrate, lactation.

III. Определите, где форма с окончанием "ing" является герундием и где - отглагольным существительным; переведите.

1. Milking cows is done with special machines. 2. After milking cows were given some silage. 3. The milkin g of cows is done in cowsheds. 4. We spoke about his using a new milking apparatus. 5. Using high productive breeds increases milk yields. 6. High milk yields are obtained by using high-productive breeds. 7. The keeping of cattle on pasture provides them with most feed and a lot of exercise.

BEEF PRODUCTION FA RM

The area of the farm is 287 acres. Most of it is under pastures.

Beef production is the most important part of the farm's economy.

High beef production is achieved by proper care and management as well as proper feeding and fattening of cattle. They are kept on both natural and cultivated pastures. The pasture land is divided into paddocks which are grazed in turn. Such system of using pastures is known as rotational grazing.

When pasture forage is scarce or when cattle are not on pasture, they are fed with corn silage, grass silage or high-quality clover or alfalfa hay. Corn and legumes are the crops grown by the farmer for fattening cattle. Growing legumes, the farmer increases soil fertility.

As to the calves they are kept in groups separated by 10 days' age. Keeping calves in age groups allows the farmer to feed them according to their age. Weaning is usually done at the age of eight weeks. Male calves are castrated at about a week old.

Most of the calves are sold as yeah Calves raised for veal production are generally ready for marketing at the age of 6 or 8 weeks. At this age they weigh about 200 to 300 pounds.

The best veal is obtained by liberal feeding of whole milk. Calves consuming a great amount of whole milk grow and develop properly and the quality of meat is high. The total amount of milk required during the period of vealing will depend on the birth weight of the calf. About 10 pounds of milk is required for one pound of gain.

A shed divided into four sections is used as a calf house. New calves are to be put into this house in age groups.

Пояснения к тексту

1. rotational grazing- загонная пастьба

2. according to - согласно, в соответствии с

Запомните:

most - самый, наиболее (перед прилагательным) most (of) - большинство (перед существительным)

Активные слова и выражения

forage, scarce, com, legume, hay, to raise, to wean, veal, to develop, to weigh, to require, to depend on, birth, gain, age, pound,whole milk, most.

IV. Перечислите известные Вам названия:

а) сельскохозяйственных животных;

б) помещений для скота;

в) сельскохозяйственных культур.

Farms in the USA

About 61 per cent of the total land area of the United States is in farms. Most farms in this country are family farms. They are rather small. These small traditional farms cannot compete* with big industrial farms and they are now disappearing*.

Livestock plays the leading part in the agriculture of the USA. Different high-productive dairy and beef breeds of cattle are raised on large farms. Sheep, pigs as well as poultry are raised by the American farmers all over the country.

Among the forage crops grown in this country corn is the most important one. Hay crops are also widely grown as feed for livestock.

Повторение темы "Farms "

Прочтите текст. Догадайтесь о значении подчеркнутого слова. Выполните задание, данное после текста.

LESSON 6

ТЕМА: CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Сложные формы причастия I, № 14

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение)

3. Временные формы глагола (повторение)

4. Значение слова "one", § 23

5. Парный союз "either... or"

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

1. Суффиксы -ous, -able, (-ible)

2. Префикс in-

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

cattle breeding, to produce, barley growing, sheep, grass, clover, alfalfa, to consume, dairy cow, grain, as well, both... and, should, have to, hay yield, root crop, to provide, is4o, pasture, pig, quality, amount, to supply.

II. Переведите следующие прилагательные:

а) образованные от существительных при помощи суффикса - ous

fibrous - (fibre - волокно)

vigorous - (vigour - сила, энергия)

various - (variety - разнообразие)

б) образованные от глаголов при помощи суффиксов -able, - ible.

suitable - (suit- подходить) valuable - (value - ценить) digestible - (digest - переваривать, усваивать)

в) с отрицательным префиксом in- (который превращается в "im" перед "т" и "р" и "ir" перед "г").

irtfertile (fertile - плодородный)

irregular (regular - регулярный) impossible (possible - возможный)

Пояснения к тексту

1. to be low in - содержать мало

2. to be high in - содержать много

3. for this reason - по этой причине

4. plenty of - много

5. is of... value - иметь (представлять) ценность

Активные слова и выражения

succulent, roughage, concentrate, to contain, ration, water, straw, to eat (ate, eaten), fibre, content, to cause, scours, digestible, growth, to cut (cut), mature, bedding, nutrient, feeding, value, one, either... or.

LESSON 7

ТЕМА: COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, § 3.

2. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели, § 4.

3. as... as possible

4. as little as, as much as (перед цифрой).

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ:

Префикс un-

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

water, fat, contenty vary with, calf, fibre, source, digestible, livestock, to require, healthy, supplementary, heifer, cow, bull, gain, proper, either... or, both... and.

II. Переведите следующие прилагательные и причастия с от­рицательным префиксом un-:

unfavourable (favourable - благоприятный)

undesirable (desirable - желательный)

undeveloped (develop - развивать)

III. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов:

Minerals, process, skeleton, phosphorus, class, electric, automatically, individual, progressive, transpiration, experiment, hectare, function, organ, control, naturalist.

Пояснения к тексту

1. vary in- различаться по

2. for instance- например

Активные слова и выражения

composition, substance, to receive, fat, carbohydrate, to reduce, thrifty condition, to drink (drank, drunk), as... as possible.

LESSON 8

ТЕМА: CALF

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Самостоятельный причастный оборот, § 15.

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение).

3. Значения слов for, too, until

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ:

1. Префикс de-

2. Суффиксы -ful, -less

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

herd, management, beef, to increase, birth, calf (calves) age, to drink, whole milk, to cause, scour, to contain, amount, quantity, hay, pasture, grass, legume, grain, exercise, root crop, to breed, a breed.

CALP

Cattle are kept for two main purposes: beef production and milk production. The management of a dairy herd differs markedly from that of beef producing animals, for milk production is a daily process.

The life of a dairy cow may be divided into three periods.

The first period is the one which lasts from the birth of a dairy calf up to about the age of 6 months. The second period lasts from 6 months until the heifer calve a for the first time, usually at about 2,5 years of age. The last period is the period of the maturity of a dairy cow.

The calf being normal after birth, the cattleman should leave it with its mother. Being healthy, the calf will soon get to its feet and start nursing. The first milk, colostrum, is very important for the new-born calf. It ic secreted by the cow for 4 or 5 days after calving. The calf usually sucks its dam for about a week. Then it should be put into an individual pen and taught to drink milk from a pail. Calves should be fed whole milk at the same temperature as milk from the udder of the cow, the rate being about 1 to 1.5 gallons a day. Feeding cold milk or too much milk will cause scours. Feeding at irregular intervale may cause digestive troubles too.

Calves being 3 weeks old, other feeds containing fibre should be given. All calves at this age should have access to a small amount of good-quality hay and clean water.

• Whole milk is to be given until calves reach 8 to 10 weeks of age. Calves reaching this age, whole milk must be gradually decreased and skim milk or a milk substitute is given. From this age on dry feeding is increased while milk is decreased.

Calves should be turned out to pasture in spring as early as possible. Being kept on good pasture in summer, calves do not require any other additional feed. Calves being on poor grass, large amounts of hay, roots and a small amount of concentrates are necessary in addition to pasture. In winter calves should receive legume or grass hay. The quantity of grain is different, depending on the quality of hay fed to the calves.

Young heifers reaching about 18 to 20 months of age, a careful watch is kept upon them and when they come into heat, they are bred.

Пояснения к тексту

1. up to - до

2. for the first time - в первый раз

3. skim milk - снятое молоко

4. from this age on - с этого возраста...

5. depending on - в зависимости от

6. a careful watch is kept upon them - за ними внимательно на­блюдают

7. to turn out to pasture - выгонять на пастбище

8. come into heat - приходить в охоту

Запомните

until - (союз) до тех пор, пока... не (+ сказ.) for - (предлог) для; в течение (перед указанием периода вре­мени).

(союз) так как (часто после запятой) too - тоже, также (в конце предложения)

слишком (перед прилагательным или наречием)

Активные слова и выражения

to calve, colostrum, to suck, dam, pen, udder, rate, to decrease, skim milk, to turn out to pasture, for, too, until.

When are heifers bred?

LESSON 9

ТЕМА: MATURE DAIRY COW

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Сложное подлежащее, § 7

2. Союз "unless"

3. Парный союз "the... the"

4. Отрицательное местоимение "по"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

roughage, to milk, wheat bran, calving, dry, to produce, supply, kind, nutrient, weaning, age, cattle breeder, poultry, oats, to take exercise, to consume, udder, to increase, to decrease, to reduce, skim milk, one, as to, as well as, in order to, most, until.

II. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие сло­ва и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем.

1. digestible, to digest, digestion, indigestible.

2. addition, to add, additional, adding, added.

3. starch, starchy.

4. water, to water, waterless, watering.

III.Дайте русские эквиваленты следующее интернациональных слов:

normal, economic, herbicide, characteristic, import, procedure, local, regular, secret, national, type, instrument.

MATURE DAIRY COW

The period of maturity of a dairy cow lasts from about 2.5 years onward.

The gestation period in cows is known to last about nine months. The cow in calf should be dried off at least six weeks before calving. Dry period may vary ic different cows. During this period the cow should be given plenty of roughages and some grain unless she is in good flesh or on good pasture. The more milk is drawn off from the cow's udder the more will be secreted. That is why to dry off a cow the number of milkings should be reduced to one daily at first and then she should be milked every other day.

About a week before the calving date wheat bran should be given to the pregnant cow. Bran is known to be a cooling and laxative feed. It is very desirable for the cow before calving. -A warm, dry, well-bedded stall should be provided for the cow at the time of calving. Calving being normal, no assistance is required. To know when each cow is to calve one must keep a breeding record, showing when cows were bred. Accurate dates of calving may be obtained only when hand mating is practised.

The duration of lactation has been found to vary with the age of the cow, the breed and feeding. In the case of a first calver it usually lasts about 8 to 10 months. Some high-yielding cows may produce milk for a year. The better the cow is fed and cared for, the longer is the period of lactation.

In preparing rations for milking cows many factors should be considered. Rations are to provide carbohydrates in a readily available form, have the proper amount of good quality protein, provide sufficient fat and mineral matter and contain the necessary vitamins. To obtain high milk yields is the aim of every cattleman. That is why they try to supply their cows with nutritious feeds. The more nutritious is the ration the more milk the dairy cows will produce. Unless dairy cows are fed the proper amount and kinds of feeds, they will not be provided with sufficient nutrients to produce high milk yields.

A dairy cow is known to require a very liberal supply of water, 3 to 4 gallons of water being needed for each gallon of milk produced by the cow.

No increase in milk yields will take place if feeding and management conditions are improper.

Пояснения к тексту

1. cow in calf _ стельная корова pregnant cow

2. dry off - запускать (корову)

3. at least - по крайней мере

4. dry period - сухостойный период, сухостой

5. to be in good flesh - быть в упитанном состоянии

6. every other day - через день

7. hand mating - ручное спаривание

8. to keep a breeding record - вести зооучет

Запомните

1. unless - если... не (+ сказ.)

2. the + срав. степ, прилаг.... the + срав. степ, прилаг. - чем...

тем

3. по - (никакой, ни один)... не (+ сказ.)

Активные слова и выражения

gestation period, to dry off, pregnant, available, to mate, dry period, to keep a breeding record, number, calving, unless, the... the, no.

V. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.

1. During six weeks before calving a. is needed for a dairy cow.

2. The cow should be milked b. depends on the age, breed and

feeding.

3. Wheat bran c. may produce as much as 2000

gallons of milk per year.

4. The period of lactation d. plenty of roughage is fed to the

cow.

5. Some cows e. unless they are fed and cared for

properly.

6. Liberal amount of water f. every other day before calving.

7. Cows will not produce much g. is very good for the cow before milk calving.

LESSON 10

ТЕМА: BULL MANAGEMENT

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Инфинитив как часть сказуемого с глаголом "to be", § 5.

2. Условные предложения, § 17

3. Значения слов "after, before, since"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

bull, rate, hay, amount, paddock, nerd, fat, pound, to be in thrifty condition, available, to breed, healthy, to eat, silage, straw, content, valuable, to receive, to care, to keep, to light, too, to cause, to fatten, hogs, supplementary, ought to.

BULL MANAGEMENT

Bulls of both dairy and beef breeds are seldom allowed to run with the cow herds during the entire year. After the breeding season is over they ought to be separated from the herd.

The best way of keeping the bull is to build a small barn with an adjoining paddock or pasture of 1 to 2 acres where he can exercise. The barn should be equipped with a stanchion to fasten the bull when it is necessary. Manger and water-supply are to be provided as well. The bull may be also kept in a box-stall inside the barn used for all the herd. Being kept in this way, the bull may be fed and cared for with the rest of the herd. The barn should be well lighted and ventilated. It should be thoroughly cleaned every day.

If the bull is fed enough but not too liberally he will always be in vigorous condition but not fat. He should be provided with high-quality roughages such as legume or mixed hay and small amounts of silage. From five to ten pounds of grain mixture may be needed to keep the bull in thrifty condition. Salt and clean, fresh water should be available at all times.

The aim of every breeder is to have a large, healthy and vigorous sire in the herd. If the bulls were not fed well balanced rations and if they were not provided with enough exercise, they would become too weak during the breeding season. Increased rates of feeding are to be provided for the bull for a month before the breeding season begins and during it to keep him in good breeding condition. It is advisable to use only purebred bulls, since they are known to transmit their characteristics to the calves.

In large herds some bulls are allowed to run with the cows. It is recommended, however, to separate the cows into groups of 25 to 30 and to provide one bull for each group. The smaller is the number of the cows in a group the better, since the percentage of mating will be higher in this case. If the number of cows were very great, the percentage of mating would be rather low and this is not profitable for the breeders.

Пояснения к тексту

1. breeding season - случной период

2. to be over - заканчиваться

3. the rest of the herd - остальное стадо

4. breeding condition - заводская кондиция, заводская упитанность

Запомните

1. после(предлог)

2. после того как (союз)

1. до, перед (предлог)

2. до того как; перед тем как (союз) так как

Активные слова и выражения

breeding season, barn, stanchion, box-stall, salt, fresh, vigorous, sire, purebred, to allow, profitable, breeding condition, after, before, since.

V. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные сло­ва в следующих предложениях; переведите.

1. All the calves are on pasture now. 2. This heifer calves for the first time. 3. There is lot of pasture land in our region. 4. The cattle pasture on the largest paddock. 5. The herd bull ought to be large, healthy and vigorous. 6. They have a big herd of dairy cows. 7. We are speaking about the reasons of the decrease in milk yields. 8. When calves reach 8 weeks of age the rates of feeding milk decrease.

VI.Переведите следующие предложения, обращал внимание на значение глагола "to be" перед инфинитивом.

1. Their plan is to raise potatoes after clover. 2. This farm is to raise corn here. 3. The best practice is to keep the bull separately from the herd. 4. The bull is not to run with the herd during the entire year. 5. His aim is to clean the barn thoroughly. 6. He is to clean the barn thoroughly. 7. Small amounts of silage are to be given to the sire.

LESSON XI

ТЕМА: FATTENING CATTLE

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Инфинитив в функции определения, § 6.

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение).

3. Временные формы глагола (повторение).

4. Союз "provided"

5. Наречия "like, unlike"

Пояснения к тексту

1. do well (better,best) - хорошо расти

2. shelled corn - лущеная кукуруза

3. fattening in the dry lot - откорм на сухих кормах

4. fair flesh - упитанное состояние

5. up to - до

Активные слова и выражения

favourable, weather, to follow, to fatten in the dry lot, fair flesh, provided, like, unlike.

Veal Production

Veal is produced by the intensive feeding of calves. It is best to use early maturing breeds. Calves are liberally ted milk and milk substances. A calf needs 3 to 4 pounds of whole milk daily for the first day or two after it is weaned. When calves are a month old concentrates are introduced. The amount of concentrates is increased with the age of ilie animals. Calves should be provided with good pasture as soon as possible.If pasture is not available when calves are a month old, they maybe fed succulent feeds, as silage, for instance. In winter the rations of calves include legume hay, silage and concentrates, Salt and clean fresh water should be available for all rations at all times.

Повторение темы "Cattle"

I. Прочтите текст. Ответьте по-русски на следующие вопросы:

1. В каких случаях следует отнимать мясного теленка рано?

2. Чем кормят телят в возрасте одного месяца?

Beef calves generally need little attention when they are with their mothers on good pasture. A few days after birth, however, it is often best to take calves away from their mothers if the cows are to be milked. The calf should have its own mother's milk for 4 or 5 days. Then it may drink milk from a pail.

A calf needs 3 to 4 pounds of whole milk daily for the first day or two after it is weaned. Sometimes a calf does not drink from a pail. When this takes place one should not feed the calf until it gets hungry*. When the calf gets hungry it will drink milk readily.

Skim milk may be given to the calf when it is two weeks old. As skim milk is low in vitamin A it is necessary to provide the calf with the feed rich in this vitamin until it begins to eat hay, silage or grass.

Calves should be turned out to pasture as soon as possible. If pasture is not available when calves are a month old, a growing crop may be cut and fed to them. A small quantity of silage may be fed until past-ore is available.

Составитель: Маслова Г.В.

Корректура: Уланова О.Б.

ОСНОВЫ ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА

Часть 1

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие

Подписано в печать 2013 г. Формат

Усл.печ.л.. Тираж экз. Зак.

Издательство РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А.Тимирязева

127550, Москва, Тимирязевская ул., 44

Тел.: 977-00-12, 977-26-90, 977-40-64

ОСНОВЫ ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА

Часть 1

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие

Москва 2013

УДК

ББК

Составитель: Маслова Г.В.

Корректура: Уланова О.Б.

Основы животноводства. Часть 1. Английский язык: учебное пособие/ Составитель Маслова Г.В. Корректура Уланова О.Б. – М.: Издательство РГАУ-МСХА, 2013. – 63 с.

Учебное пособие «Основы животноводства. Английский язык» состоит из трех частей. В первую и вторую части пособия вошли тексты и разработки к ним. Третья часть содержит грамматический справочник и терминологический словарь.

Учебное пособие «Основы животноводства. Часть 1. Английский язык» содержит материал на английском языке по основам содержания и разведения крупного рогатого скота, классификации кормов и их составу, основным видам работы фермера. Целью пособия является формирование навыков чтения, говорения и перевода текстов сельскохозяйственной тематики. Данное учебное пособие включает 11 уроков, каждый из которых разделен на материал для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы. Задания, представленные в каждом уроке, направлены на изучение нового грамматического и лексического материала, работу с текстом и закрепление изученного материала.

Предназначено для студентов аграрных вузов, осваивающих основную и дополнительные образовательные программы обучения иностранного языка.

УДК

ББК

ФГБОУ ВПО РГАУ-МСХА

имени К.А.Тимирязева

Издательство РГАУ-МСХА, 2013

Предисловие

Цель настоящего пособия — заложить основы навыков чте­ния специальной сельскохозяйственной литературы.

Учебное пособие состоит из 3 частей. Первые 2 части вклю­чают тексты и разработки к ним, 3-я - содержит грамматиче­ский справочник и терминологический словарь, в который вошли термины, отсутствующие в англо-русском словаре на 20000 слов.

Каждый урок рассчитан на два занятия и расчленен на мате­риал для самостоятельной и для аудиторной работы.

Урок имеет следующую структуру:

IV. Аудиторная работа включает задания по смысловой обработке текста А и текст В с упражнениями для работы без словаря.

В Грамматическом справочнике обобщаются некоторые раз­делы пройденного ранее материала (временные формы в действи­тельном и страдательном залоге, причастия). При изложении но­вого грамматического материала после каждой темы следует за­дание на первичное осмысление в виде тренировочного упражне­ния. Все задания снабжены ключами для самоконтроля, которые помещены в конце грамматического справочника. В Граммати­ческом справочнике дается список наиболее употребительных словообразовательных элементов, а также таблица нестандарт­ных глаголов, встречающихся в пособии.

LESSON 1

ТЕМА: THE IMPORTANCE OF FARM ANIMALS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1.Временные формы глагола группы Indefinite (Active, Passive) (повторение).

2. Значения слов some, the same

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ:

Суффиксы: -al, -ic, -ant, -eat, -ance, -ence, -tion, -ly

I.Переведите следующие производные слова:

а)Прилагательные, образованные от существительных при помощи суффиксов -ic, -al: economic; climatic; democratic; scientific (science - наука); agricultural (agriculture - сельское хозяйство); central (centre - центр).

б) Существительные, образованные от глаголов при помощи суффикса -tion; ударение в таких существительных падает на гласную перед суффиксом: connection (connect - соединять), production (produce - произ­водить), cultivation (cultivate - выращивать), collection (collect -собирать).

в) Наречия, образованные от прилагательных или существительных при помощи суффикса -1у: highly (high - высокий) closely (close - тесный,близкий), daily (day - день), weekly (week - неделя), commonly (common - обыч­ный), generally (general - Обычный), liberally (liberal - обильный), properly (proper- правильный, должный).

г) Существительные с суффиксами -ance, -епсе. Соответствующие прилагательные имеют суффиксы -ant, -ent: importance (important- важный) difference (different - различный) dependence (dependent - зависимый) resistance (resistant - устойчивый)

II.Определите по суффиксам, к какой части речи относятся
следующие слова; переведите.

organic, principal, principally, distance, permanent, concentration, official, fermentation, historic, statistically.

III. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональ­ных слов:

industry material, protein, agronomy, program, academy, apecialist, agronoaist, zootechnician, economist, veterinarian, mechanization.