Basic Cryptographic Algorithms

A method of encryption and decryption is called a cipher. Some cryptographic methods rely on the secrecy of the algorithms; such algorithms are only of historical interest and are not adequate for real-world needs. All modern algorithms use a key to control encryption and decryption; a message can be decrypted only if the key matches the encryption key. The key used for decryption can be different from the encryption key, but for most algorithms they are the same. There are two classes of key-based algorithms, symmetric (or secret-key) and asymmetric (or public-key) algorithms. The difference is that symmetric algorithms use the same key for encryption and decryption (or the decryption key is easily derived from the encryption key), whereas asymmetric algorithms use a different key for encryption and encryption, and the decryption key cannot be derived from the encryption key.

Symmetric algorithms can be divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers can encrypt a single bit of plaintext at a time, whereas block ciphers take a number of bits (typically 64 bits in modern ciphers), and encrypt them as a single unit.

Asymmetric ciphers (also called public-key algorithms or generally public-key cryptography) permit the encryption key to be public (it can be published in a newspaper), allowing anyone to encrypt with the key, whereas only the proper recipient (who knows the decryption key) can decrypt the message. The encryption key is also called the public key and the decryption key – the private key or secret key.

Modern cryptographic algorithms cannot really be executed by humans. Strong cryptographic algorithms are designed to be executed by computers or specialized hardware devices. In most applications, cryptography is done in computer software.

Generally, symmetric algorithms are much faster to execute on a computer than asymmetric ones. In practice they are often used together, so that a public-key algorithm is used to encrypt a randomly generated encryption key, and the random key is used to encrypt the actual message using a symmetric algorithm.

 

The words to the text:

 

to mess with – иметь дело

evaluation – оценка, оценивание

responsible – ответственный

to retrieve – восстанавливать, исправлять

to suppose – предполагать

message – послание, сообщение

to hide – прятать

to match – соответствовать, подбирать пару

branch – ветвь, отрасль, отделение

to derive – получать, извлекать, производить
(от чего-л.)

secrecy – секретность

public – общественный, открытый, доступный

to permit – позволять, разрешать, допускать

recipient – получатель

to execute – выполнять, осуществлять

random – наугад, беспорядочный

 

2. Look through the text and find equivalents to
the following terms.

 

более не является

с чем не следовало бы иметь дела

теперь время (настал момент)

извлечь все преимущества

любые мнения и оценки являются теоретическими (умозрительными)

автор не может считаться ответственным

сохранение секретным

представляют только исторический интерес

не имеют ничего общего с реальными нуждами

одновременно

целый ряд (битов)

не могут выполняться человеком

гораздо быстрее

хорошо известный

 

Choose the definitions to the following terms.

 

Encrypt to correct program errors or ‘bugs’.

Megabit the process of decoding (deciphering) secret data.

Algorithm to encode data so that unauthorized users can’t read it.

Coding a million binary digits; used to refer to storage devices.

Decryption to perform the operations specified by a routine or instruction. Execute a program: run a program in a computer.

To execute the process of writing instructions for a computer.

Debug a series of instructions or a step-by-step procedure for solution of a problem.

 

Answer the questions.

 

1. What is a cipher?

2. What are two classes of key-based algorithms?

3. What are symmetric algorithms?

4. What are asymmetric algorithms?

5. What are stream ciphers?

6. What are block ciphers?

7. What is the proper recipient?

8. What is the encryption key?

9. What is the decryption key?

Unit 15.

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