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 2017-12-12 |
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| 1. | Ship it overseas – but slowly. |
| 2. | Railroads – large loads moved at low cost. |
| 3. | Transporting function must fit the whole strategy. |
| 4. | Trucks are more expensive, but flexible and essential. |
| 5. | Put it in a container – and move between modes easily. |
| 6. | Airfreight is expensive but fast and growing. |
| 7. | Competition has forced railroads to innovate. |
| 8. | But airplanes may cut the total cost of distribution. |
Choose the phrase a, b or c, which best completes each sentence.
| 1. | Because the train runs on fixed tracks … | |
| a) | … it can be timetabled to stop at more stations. | |
| b) | … it can carry more passengers. | |
| c) | … it is not subject to traffic jams. | |
| 2. | If a railway only has a single track … | |
| a) | … a breakdown will probably not cause serious problems. | |
| b) | … a breakdown will definitely cause serious problems. | |
| c) | … a breakdown is likely to cause serious problems. | |
| 3. | When a particular railway service becomes unprofitable … | |
| a) | … it may help the situation if fares are lowered. | |
| b) | … it will help the situation if fares are lowered. | |
| c) | … it will not help the situation if fares are lowered. | |
| 4. | Because most journeys do not start and end at railway stations … | |
| a) | … support transport is not normally required at the terminals. | |
| b) | … support transport is usually required at the terminals. | |
| c) | … support transport is occasionally required at the terminals. | |
| 5. | Times of arrival and departure for trains can be given with greater accuracy than … | |
| a) | … for lorries or coaches because road transport is slower. | |
| b) | … for aircraft because airports are congested. | |
| c) | … for other forms of transport. | |
| 6. | One of the attractions of inter-city travel by rail for executives is that they … | |
| a) | … will reach their final destination more quickly. | |
| b) | … will have the option to do some work while they are traveling. | |
| c) | … will not need a taxi at the end of their journey. | |
| 7. | Heavy and bulky freight can be carried overland comparatively cheaply by rail because … | |
| a) | … bigger loads can be carried in a single haul. | |
| b) | … the loads can be conveyed at night. | |
| c) | … railway workers wages are low. | |
| 8. | When railway lines are closed down because they are uneconomic … | |
| a) | … the workers will have to find jobs in other industries. | |
| b) | … the workers will not be able to find jobs in other industries. | |
| c) | … some of the workers may lose their jobs. | |
| 9. | If the government spent substantially more on the development of motorways … | |
| a) | … they would also have to subsidise the railways. | |
| b) | … it would probably make the railways less profitable. | |
| c) | … it would encourage more freight to be sent by rail. | |
| 10. | A Eurotunnel between England and France … | |
| a) | … will make French goods more expensive in England. | |
| b) | … will encourage more Britons to go abroad for their holidays. | |
| c) | … will improve the British economy by encouraging tourism. |
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Complete the sentences in your own words.
| 1. | When goods are sent by air … |
| 2. | If bulky goods need to be sent overseas … |
| 3. | Storms at sea can cause loss or damage to cargo … |
| 4. | When commuters’ trains run into London late … |
| 5. | An aircraft has a long way to fall so the maintenance of the aircraft … |
| 6. | When perishable items such as tomatoes and flowers … |
| 7. | When there is only a single line railway track … |
| 8. | If the government raises the tax on petrol … |
| 9. | There will always be a demand for luxury liners because … |
| 10. | Many of the new large oil tankers are built in Japan because … |
| 11. | There has been a slump in shipbuilding in recent because … |
| 12. | The really heavy lorries are called juggernauts and they … |
Summarize the text in about 50 words.
| 7. Advice of shipment | |
| When dealing with shipments to customers, it is common practice to advise them that a shipment has been sent. Often details on departure and arrival times, order numbers, and documents are given. | |
| We are pleased to inform you that your order has been dispatched by truck today. Order № 3012 has been dispatched by flight BA2379 today. We are pleased to advise that your order № 23/1346 was shipped on board the vessel ‘Ocean Line’. The consignment is due to arrive in Sydney on August 25th. The above order has been handed over to our forwarding agents today. The consignment will be delivered to your warehouse in Brussels. |
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