Специальности «экономическая безопасность»

РЕЗУНОВА М.В.

 

 

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ

ПОСОБИЕ

ДЛЯ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАНЯТИЙ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ»

 

БРЯНСК 2013

SPECIALIZATION LANGUAGE

PART A

TEXT 1

ECONOMY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Collapse, a market economy, the executive, the legislature, implementation, decline, breakup, recovery, depreciation, a debt default, deterioration, recession, capital flight, expansion, average, petroleum, output, confidence, commodity, swing;

to establish, to achieve, to contract, to dither, to face, to occur, to culminate, to contribute, to advance, to account for, to reach;

consistent, slight, uneven, recent, dependent on;

comparatively, severely, consequently, annually, extremely, heavily, particularly, vulnerable;

however, nevertheless.

 

Отработайте произношение следующих числительных.

1991 (год) – (the year) nineteen ninety-one, 1997 - nineteen ninety-seven, 1998 - nineteen ninety-eight, 1999 - nineteen ninety-nine, 2000 - two thousand, 2001 – twenty oh-one, 2004 - twenty oh-four, 2005 - twenty oh-five, 6.7% - six point seven per cent, 80% - eighty per cent, 1.2 trillion – one point two trillion, 1.5 trillion – one point five trillion.

Найдите в тексте, прочитайте и переведите все порядковые числительные.

Найдите в тексте и переведите прилагательные в сравнительной или превосходной степени сравнения, укажите степень сравнения.

Найдите в тексте следующие причастия. Назовите их (причастие I / причастие II). Переведите предложения с ними.

Developed, showing, having, made, renewed, leaving, making.

 

Определите и укажите время и залог выделенных сказуемых, переведите их, учитывая временную отнесенность.

7. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is Russia trying to do more than a decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?

2. When did Russia's first slight recovery occur after the breakup of the USSR?

3. What was the year 1998 marked by?

4. Why has the economic development of the country been extremely uneven?

5. What has the recent recovery raised in its second decade of transition?

6. What does Russia remain heavily dependent on?

 

Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем. Отработайте чтение текста.

Обратите внимание, что в предложении Then it entered a phase of rapid economic expansion, the GDP growing by an average of 6.7% annually in 1999-2005 on the back of higher petroleum prices, weaker ruble, and increasing service production and industrial output. выделенный фрагмент представляет собой независимый причастный оборот, перевод которого начинается словами «причем, при этом, а, и», причастие (подчеркнуто) переводится как сказуемое.

 

9. Передайте содержание текста на русском языке.

*10. Перескажите текст на английском языке.

TEXT 2

ECONOMY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Primarily, independently;

industrial, commercial, major, private, decimal, domestic, overseas;

transportation, communication, steel, iron, petroleum, vehicle, equipment, data processing equipment, machinery, power-generating machinery, precision instrument, government, trade, unit of currency, conversion of currency, coin, coinage, bank of issue, savings bank, branch, retail trade, wholesale trade, department;

to nationalize, to consist, to introduce, to complete, to permit, to float, to charter, to provide, to maintain, to carry out.

 

Отработайте произношение следующих числительных.

1694 - sixteen eighty-four, 1946 - nineteen forty-six, 1971 – nineteen seventy-one, 1972 – nineteen seventy-two, 1973 – nineteen seventy-three, 1968 - nineteen sixty-eight, 17,000 – seventeen thousand, the 1980s (восьмидесятые годы) – the (nineteen) eighties, 100 pence – one hundred pence.

Найдите в тексте, прочитайте и переведите все существительные во множественном числе.

TEXT 3

TEXT 4

ECONOMY OF CANADA

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Agricultural, domestic, provincial, principal;

highly, typically, increasingly,

manufacturing, manufactured, produced, leading, specialized;

sole right, circulation, trust company, mortgage loan company, savings bank, credit union, securities exchange, item, timber, grain, share, truck, motor-vehicle part, crude petroleum, lumber, newsprint, wood pulp, wheat, industrial machinery, natural gas, office machine, aluminum, general purpose and specialized machinery, chemicals, per capita;

to operate, to export, to decrease.

 

ECONOMY OF CANADA

Until the early 20th century, Canada was primarily an agricultural nation. Since then it has become one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world. To a large extent the manufacturing industries are supplied with raw materials produced by the agricultural, mining, forestry, and fishing sectors of the Canadian economy.

The unit of currency in Canada is the Canadian dollar, which consists of 100 cents. The Bank of Canada has the sole right to issue paper money for circulation. Most foreign-owned and major domestic banks have their head offices in Toronto; a few are based in Montréal. Trust and mortgage loan companies, provincial savings banks, and credit unions also provide banking services. Securities exchanges operate in Toronto, Montréal, Winnipeg, Calgary, and Vancouver.

The per capita foreign trade of Canada ranks among the highest of any nation in the world.

Most of Canada's foreign trade is with the United States, which typically takes about four-fifths of Canada's exports and supplies more than two-thirds of its imports. Components of Canadian exports are increasingly manufactured items; while resource exports such as minerals, timber, and grains are still important, their share of total export volume is decreasing.

The leading products Canada sells abroad include automobiles, trucks, motor-vehicle parts, crude petroleum, lumber, newsprint, wood pulp, wheat, industrial machinery, natural gas, office machines, and aluminum. Principal imports are motor-vehicle parts, automobiles, general purpose and specialized machinery, chemicals, computers, crude petroleum, telecommunications equipment, and fruit and vegetables.

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TEXT 5

ECONOMY OF AUSTRALIA

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите следующие слова специальной направленности. Укажите, к какой части речи относится каждая группа слов, выделите характерные словообразовательные элементы представленных частей речи. Найдите и подчеркните данные слова в тексте. Отработайте чтение этих слов.

Prosperous, rich, various, severe, comparative, contiguous, relative, huge, significant, representational, key;

literally, slightly, particularly, statistically;

to dominate, to continue, to occupy, to decline, to lock, to maintain, to define, to double, to describe, to commence, to float;

exporter, downturn, commodity, competition, advantage, reflection, wealth, size, expansion, fluctuation, increase, growth, population, standard of living, emphasis on, strength, modernization, deregulation.

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие числительные:

8%, 65%, 68%, 80%, 20.3 million, 12 per cent, the 1970s, 1974.

3. Назовите, какое грамматическое явление представлено следующими примерами:

Higher, can, is pushing, Australia's, manufacturing, manufactured, is known, increases, the 1980s, led, by floating.

 

ECONOMY OF AUSTRALIA

Australia has a prosperous, Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP slightly higher than those of the UK, France and Germany. The Australian economy is dominated by its services sector (68% of GDP), yet it is the agricultural and mining sectors (8% of GDP combined) that account for 65% of its exports.

Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly grains and wool, and minerals, including various metals, coal, and natural gas. A downturn in world commodity prices can thus have a large impact on the economy.

The government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe. Australia's comparative advantage in primary products is a reflection of the natural wealth of the Australian Continent and its small domestic market; 20.3 million people occupy a continent the size of the contiguous United States. The relative size of the manufacturing sector has been declining for several decades, and now accounts for just under 12 percent of GDP.

In the beginning of the Second World War till the 1970s, Australia was locked in a period of high maintained economic expansion which is now known as the “long boom”. This period is marked by large increases in the Australian population (by 80%), and little if any economic fluctuations. Despite the huge increases in the Australian population, economic growth, defined by increase in GDP per head, was still growing. It is statistically significant that in this period, the standard of living as representational of increases of GDP per capita, literally doubled. 1974 was the year which is described as the end of the ‘long boom’.

Australia's emphasis on reforms is key factor behind the continuing strength of the economy. In the 1980s, the Australian Labor Party, led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating, commenced the modernization of the Australian economy by floating the Australian dollar in 1983, leading to full financial deregulation.

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TEXT 6

ECONOMIC SECURITY

ECONOMIC SECURITY

Economic security or financial security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the foreseeable future.

It includes:

· probable continued solvency,

· predictability of the future cash flow of a person or other economic entity, such as a country,

· employment security or job security.

Financial security more often refers to individual and family money management and savings. Economic security tends to include the broader effect of a society's production levels and monetary support for non-working citizens.

Economic security, in the context of politics and international relations, is the ability of a nation-state to follow its choice of policies to develop the national economy in the manner desired. Historically, conquest of nations have made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources and enlarged trade through controlling of the conquered nations' economy. In today's complex system of international trade, characterized by multi-national agreements, mutual inter-dependence and availability of natural resources, economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military policy.

Economic security has been proposed as a key determinant of international relations, particularly in geopolitics.

It is widely believed that there is a tradeoff between economic security and economic opportunity.

 

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TEXT 7

TEXT 8

ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY

ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY

Economic security is a component of national security and resides in a state of economy, expressed through legality, balance and development. The Service identifies vulnerabilities and causes that can undermine or / and affect the economic security of the state; intervenes by informing the line authorities, depending on the case, situation or threat, in order to betaken preventive or counteracting measures. The information is mainly used by institutions with decision-making power in the country, through administrative, legislative, penal and administrative, economic, political and social measures.

Activities shall be conducted to obtain useful and necessary information to secure the country's basic economic attributes, such as economic and financial sovereignty, as well as protection and promotion of national economic interests in the country and abroad. To this end, by means of investigations and special measures, preventive factors areidentified within the country and abroad, which appear to have targets and effects of a destructive nature.

The main segments of monitored and protected economic security are the energy security, financial, banking and non-banking security, the security of strategic branches of the national economy and companies of vital importance, including by prevention of emergency situations.

At the same time, activities to prevent and combat cross-border crime and the financing of extremist-terrorist movements shall be carried out. Manifestations of corruption can also be subject to investigation if they directly or indirectly affect the national security

 

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TEXT 9

TEXT 10

TEXT 11

Определите, чем в следующих словах является флексия –(e)s: показателем притяжательного падежа существительного, окончанием существительного во множественном числе или окончанием глагола в 3 л. ед.ч. в Present Simple tense.

Countries, priorities, theses, depends, directions, population’s, forecasts, interests, threats, today’s, ways.

TEXT 12

WELFARE

WELFARE

Welfare is the provision of a minimal level of well-being and social support for all citizens, sometimes referred to as public aid. In most developed countries, welfare is largely provided by the government, in addition to charities, informal social groups, religious groups, and inter-governmental organizations.

The welfare state expands on this concept to include services such as universal healthcare and unemployment insurance.

In the Roman Empire, the first emperor Augustus provided the 'congiaria' or corn dole for citizens who could not afford to buy food. Social welfare was enlarged by the Emperor Trajan. Trajan's program brought acclaim from many, including Pliny the Younger.

Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but welfare is commonly provided to individuals who are unemployed, those with illness or disability, the elderly, those with dependent children, and veterans. A person's eligibility for welfare may also be constrained by means testing or other conditions.

Welfare is provided by governments or their agencies, by private organizations, or a combination of both. Funding for welfare usually comes from general government revenue, but when dealing with charities or non-governmental organizations, donations may be used. Some countries run conditional cash transfer welfare programs where payment is conditional on behaviour of the recipients.

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TEXT 13

WELFARE STATE

WELFARE STATE

A welfare state is a "concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization." The sociologist T.H. Marshall identified the welfare state as a distinctive combination of democracy, welfare, and capitalism.

Modern welfare states include the Nordic countries, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland which employ a system known as the Nordic model. The welfare state involves a transfer of funds from the state, to the services provided (i.e. healthcare, education) as well as directly to individuals ("benefits"). Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories: Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal.

The welfare state is funded through redistributionist taxation and is often referred to as a type of "mixed economy". Such taxation usually includes a larger income tax for people with higher incomes, called a progressive tax. This helps to reduce the income gap between the rich and poor.

 

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TEXT 14

JOB SECURITY

JOB SECURITY

Job security is the probability that an individual will keep his or her job; a job with a high level of job security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of becoming unemployed.

Job security is dependent on economy, prevailing business conditions, and the individual's personal skills. It has been found that people have more job security in times of economic expansion and less in times of a recession. Also, some laws bolster job security by making it illegal to fire employees for certain reasons. Unemployment rate is a good indicator of job security and the state of the economy and is tracked by economists, government officials, and banks.

Typically, government jobs and jobs in education, healthcare and law enforcement are considered very secure while private sector jobs are generally believed to offer lower job security and it usually varies by industry, location, occupation and other factors.

Personal factors such as education, work experience, job functional area, work industry, work location, etc., play an important role in determining the need for an individual's services, and impacts their personal job security. Since job security depends on having the necessary skills and experience that are in demand by employers, which in turn depend on the prevailing economic condition and business environment, individuals whose services are in demand by employers will tend to enjoy higher job security.

To some extent, job security also varies by employment laws of each country. A worker in Continental Europe, if asked about his job security, would reply by naming the type of statutory employment contract he has, ranging from temporary (no job security) to indefinite (virtually equivalent to 'tenure' in US universities but across the whole economy).

 

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TEXT 15

NATIONAL SECURITY

NATIONAL SECURITY

National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power. The concept developed mostly in the United States after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the non military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, security, environmental security, etc. Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors, narcotic cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category.

Measures taken to ensure national security include:

Ø using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats

Ø marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation

Ø maintaining effective armed forces

Ø implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures (including anti-terrorism legislation)

Ø ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure

Ø using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage, and to protect classified information

Ø using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats.

PART B

JOB SECURITY IN EUROPE

The main difference vis-à-vis the United States is the system of indefinite contracts. In most European countries many employees have indefinite contracts which, whilst not guaranteeing a job for life, make it very difficult for the employer to terminate a contract. Employees who have legally acquired these rights, for example because they have been with a company for two years continuously, can only be dismissed for disciplinary reasons (after a number of formal warnings and subject to independent appeal) or in the case of a company undergoing restructuring (subject to generous laws on redundancy payments and often with retraining paid for by the company). In Spain, for example, such employees are entitled to 45 days redundancy pay per year worked. The high cost of redundancy payments is in practice what gives employees job security.

Whilst employees who have such legally-binding, indefinite contracts are in the enviable position of knowing that they (and their family) have complete financial security for the rest of their lives, it is important to realise that these obligations work both ways. In some countries such as Germany a company may prevent an employee (whose occupational training they have paid for) from leaving to take up a better post elsewhere until compensation is agreed. Even an employee of a company which is known to be about to fold may find himself compelled to stay with the company until the end even if he is offered work with a different firm.

Every company will have a mix of employees on different types of contract. Indefinite contracts can also exist for seasonal work. These so-called discontinuous contracts mean that a hotel, for example, may dismiss its staff in the autumn, but it must take the same people back on again the following spring.

The proportion of the workforce on indefinite contracts has fallen across Europe in response to increased competition and globalization. Companies may dismiss an employee just before he reaches the two-year mark and then re-hire him as a new employee. Many economists argue that greater labour market flexibility is necessary. Economics professors argue that the threat of unemployment is necessary to maintain incentives to high productivity. Jobs which are not backed by an indefinite contract are still poorly-regarded in many European societies, often disparagingly described as "precarious" or "McJobs", even when the company has good prospects.

 

GEOPOLITICS

Geopolitics is the study of the effects of geography (both human and physical) on international politics and international relations. Geopolitics is a method of foreign policy analysis which seeks to understand, explain, and predict international political behaviour primarily in terms of geographical variables. Typical geographical variables are the physical location, size, climate, topography, demography, natural resources, and technological advances of the state being evaluated. Traditionally, the term has applied primarily to the impact of geography on politics, but its usage has evolved over the past century to encompass wider connotations.

Geopolitics traditionally studies the links between political power and geographic space, and examines strategic prescriptions based on the relative importance of land power and sea power in world history. The geopolitical tradition had some consistent concerns with geopolitical correlations of power in world politics, the identification of international core areas, and the relationships between naval and terrestrial capabilities. Academically, the study of geopolitics analyses geography, history, and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales. Also, the study of geopolitics includes the study of the ensemble of relations between the interests of international political actors, interests focused to an area, space, geographical element or ways, relations which create a geopolitical system. ⁴ Geopolitics is multidisciplinary in scope, and includes all aspects of the social sciences—with particular emphasis on political geography, international relations, the territorial aspects of political science and international law.

The term "Geopolitics" was coined at the beginning of the twentieth century by Rudolf Kjellén, a Swedish political scientist, who was inspired by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel. Ratzel published Politische Geographie (political geography) in 1897; that book was later popularized in English by the Hungarian historian Emile Reich and the American diplomat Robert Strausz-Hupé (a faculty member of the University of Pennsylvania). Although Halford Mackinder had a pioneering role in the field, he never used the term geopolitics himself.

ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION

Extending property rights protection to the poor is one of the most important poverty reduction strategies a nation can implement. Securing property rights to land, the largest asset for most societies, is vital to their economic freedom. The World Bank concludes that increasing land rights is ‘the key to reducing poverty’ citing that land rights greatly increase poor people’s wealth, in some cases doubling it. It is estimated that state recognition of the property of the poor would give them assets worth 40 times all the foreign aid since 1945. Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions were low cost. In China and India, noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of collective farming in China and the cutting of government red tape in India.

New enterprises and foreign investment can be driven away by the results of inefficient institutions, corruption, the weak rule of law and excessive bureaucratic burdens. It takes two days, two bureaucratic procedures, and $280 to open a business in Canada while an entrepreneur in Bolivia must pay $2,696 in fees, wait 82 business days, and go through 20 procedures to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises where most jobs are created. In India before economic reforms, businesses had to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which was in effect a tax on business.

However, ending government sponsorship of social programs is sometimes advocated as a free market principle with tragic consequences. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer that many farmers cannot afford at market prices. The reconfiguration of public financing in former Soviet states during their transition to a market economy called for reduced spending on health and education, sharply increasing poverty.

 

 

Value added tax

The third largest source of government revenues is value added tax (VAT), charged at the standard rate of 17.5% (temporarily cut to 15% between December 2008 and December 2009) on supplies of goods and services. It is therefore a tax on consumer expenditure. A document posted on the Parliament website on November 25 2008 suggested that the government was planning a higher 18.5% VAT after this time elapsed, but the Treasury has said this was "an option that was considered and rejected."

Certain goods and services are exempt from VAT, and others are subject to VAT at a lower rate of 5% (the reduced rate, such as domestic gas supplies) or 0% ("zero-rated", such as most food and children's clothing). Exemptions are intended to relieve the tax burden on essentials while placing the full tax on luxuries, but disputes based on fine distinctions arise, such as the notorious "Jaffa Cake Case" which hinged on whether Jaffa Cakes were classed as (zero-rated) cakes—as was eventually decided—or (fully-taxed) chocolate-covered biscuits. Until 2001, VAT was charged at the full rate on women's sanitary towels, presumably because they were considered luxury or non-essential articles.

Corporation tax

The fourth largest source of government revenues is corporation tax, charged on the profits and chargeable gains of companies. The main rate is 30%, which is levied on taxable income above £1.5m. In 2005-06, income below this level was taxed at 0% and 19%, but with marginal reliefs in between the bands. The 0% starting rate has been abolished with effect from 1 April 2006.

There is also a Supplementary charge to Corporation Tax for companies involved in petroleum exploration (for example in the North Sea) which is levied at a rate of 20% for profits arising from 1 January 2006 (previously the rate was 10%).

Excise duties. Excise duties are charged on, amongst other things, motor fuel, alcohol, tobacco, betting and vehicles.

Stamp duty. Stamp duty is charged on the transfer of shares and certain securities at a rate of 0.5%. Modernised versions of stamp duty, stamp duty land tax and stamp duty reserve tax, are charged respectively on the transfer of real estate and shares and securities, at rates of up to 4% and 0.5% respectively.

РЕЗУНОВА М.В.

 

 

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ

ПОСОБИЕ

ДЛЯ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАНЯТИЙ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ»

 

БРЯНСК 2013

SPECIALIZATION LANGUAGE

PART A

TEXT 1