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Treatment of the cardiovascular disease

2017-12-11 185
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

Cardiovascular risk factors:

- Smoking

- Overweight, sedentary life-style

- Presence of other chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes)

- Stressful life-style

- Diet high at fat, cholesterol, calories or salt

- Family history of cardiovascular disease

- Personal history of cardiovascular disease

Treatment of the cardiovascular disease

- Diet and exercise

- Medication and treatment

- Stress management

- Guidelines for daily living

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

- Holter monitoring (ambulatory electrocardiography),

- 12-lead electrocardiography,

- exercise electrocardiography (stress test),

- cardiac catheterization,

- phonocardiography,

- echocardiography,

- apexcardiography.

DISORDERS:

- hypertension,

- congestive heart failure (C.H.F.),

- angina pectoris,

- myocardial infarction (M.I.),

- arterial occlusive disease,

- varicose veins.

HYPERTENSION.

 

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood against the inside walls of the blood vessels as the heart rhythmically contracts and relaxes. There are two components to BP:

- systolic BP; normally it's 100 to 140 mm Hg

- diastolic BP; normally it's below 90 mm Hg.

Hypertension is blood pressure that is too high. A blood pressure greater than 140 systolic and 90 diastolic is said to be high, or above normal.

Risk factors for hypertension include family history, age, race, smoking, and stress.

Reasons for treating hypertension include the following:

- people with hypertension die younger than people with normal BP;

- hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease;

- hypertension can damage the kidneys, eyes, blood vessels, and heart, increasing the risk of kidney failure, blindness, stroke, or heart attack.

The components of the treating regimen for hypertension requiring lifelong compliance include the following:

 

- dietary modifications

- medications

- stress management

- regular exercises

- blood pressure self-measurement

- regular medical follow-up.

 

The dietary measures to control hypertension include the following:

1. salt intake should be reduced;

2. weight should be reduced, if offered by the physician; obesity may increase blood pressure.

 

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (M.I.)

MI is the death of tissues in the heart muscles (myocardium). The area of dead tissue, called an infarct, will gradually be replaced by scar tissue.

 

Risk factors for MI include family history, hypertension, smoking, high levels of fats (lipids) and cholesterol in the blood, diabetes mellitus, obesity, a sedentary or stressful life-style, and age.

 

Symptoms of MI include the following:

- chest pain, which is described as persistent, crushing substernal pain that may radiate to the left arm, the law, the neck, or to the shoulder blades.

- Shortness of breath

- Perspiration

- Nausea / vomiting

- Dizziness

- Weakness

- A feeling of impending doom

- Cold, clammy skin

- Anxiety

- Restlessness.

 

A post-MI treatment regimen consists of the following:

- Dietary modifications

- Medications

- Activity changes

- Monitoring pulse rate and rhythm

- Guidelines for daily living.

Dietary modifications used in the management of MI include reducing cholesterol, fat, and salt as well as calories, if the patient is over-weight.

 

 

VARICOSE VEINS.

 

Varicose veins are enlarged subcutaneous blood vessels that may have a bulging or twisted appearance.

 

The causes of varicose veins include the following:

- The valves may be congenitally weak.

- Disease of the venous system, such as an infection (thrombophlebitis), may weaken the valves or damage the venous wall.

- Sustained pressure increases within the veins can damage the valves. Elevated pressure may occur with excessive abdominal weight in obesity or pregnancy and with prolonged standing in certain occupations.

 

Some patients are asymptomatic, and symptoms may vary. They include the following:

- A feeling of heaviness, itching, or burning in the general area of the vein.

- A diffuse, dull aching sensation after prolonged standing or walking.

- Leg cramps at night.

- Fatigue.

- Swelling.

- Palpable nodules.

 

Medical and surgical methods are used to manage varicose veins.

 

- Medical management includes supportive measures and exercise programs.

- Surgical management is reserved for severe varicose veins.

 

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

Presence of respiratory risk factors:

- Smoking

- Occupational exposure to respiratory irritants and/or pollutants

- Genetic predisposition

- Emotional / stressful life-style

- Obesity

Treatment of the respiratory disease:

- Diet

- Medications

- Exercises

- Relaxation

- Guidelines for daily living

- Additional treatments

Respiratory disorders:

- asthma,

- bronchiectasis,

- chronic bronchitis,

- emphysema,

- pleuritis,

- pulmonary embolism.

 

ASTHMA.

 

Asthma is a chronic disease of variable severity, characterized by episodes of airway narrowing that temporarily produces breathing difficulty.

 

Factors that can trigger an asthma attack include the following:

- Respiratory infections

- Exposure to allergens

- Emotional factors

- Environmental changes, such as air temperature, humidity, and dust.

Symptoms of asthma include the following:

- Wheezing

- Prolonged expiration

- Dyspnea

- Physical exhaustion

- Inability to sleep or rest

- Anxiety

- Dehydration

- Thick, tenacious mucus production

- Use of accessory muscles of respiration; retractions.

Preventive measures:

¨ Avoiding the following bronchopulmonary irritants:

1. Cigarette smoke

2. Industrial pollutants

3. Animal hair

4. Dust

5. Powder, perfume

6. Weeds, pollen, grasses

7. Extreme heat or cold

¨ Avoiding known allergens

¨ Avoiding distressing situations

¨ Avoiding people with respiratory infections

¨ Practicing good oral hygiene to help prevent infection.

 

The components of the treatment regimen for asthma include the following:

- Medications

- A balanced, nutritious diet with small, frequent meals

- Oxygen therapy

- Stress management

- Regular medical examinations.

 

 

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

Risk factors: gastrointestinal tract disorders, liver and other organs dysfunction.

Causes of E.D.: stress, traumas, hormonal dysfunction.

Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, irritability, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, itchiness.

Treatment: hormonal therapy.

Disorders: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease), hypothyroidism, Addison's disease.

Diagnostic tests: oral glucose tolerance test, urine glucose determination, urine ketone determination, self-blood glucose monitoring,thyroid scan, thyroid ultrasonography.

 

Diabetes Mellitus.

D.M. is a chronic disorder in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the insulin produced is not effective. The action of insulin in the body is to transport glucose (sugar) to the body cells for immediate use as energy or to be stored for future use.

 

Complications of D.M.

Uncontrolled blood glucose can lead to acute and/or chronic problems:

- Acute hyperglycemia may lead to severe fluid and weight loss, loss of consciousness, and even death.

- Chronic hyperglycemia may affect nerves and blood vessels and may cause a variety of other chronic problems, such as heart disease, poor circulation, eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve dysfunction.

- In children, normal growth and development may be retarded.

- In pregnant women, hyperglycemia can affect the health of both mother and child.

 

Risk factors of diabetes.

The cause of diabetes is unknown. It is known to run in families, but it's not contagious. Other factors are obesity, pregnancy, physical or emotional stress (such as acute illness or accident), and aging. Diabetes is not caused by eating too much sugar.

 

GENITOURINARY DISORDERS

Genitourinary symptoms

- renal / bladder disorder

- sexual dysfunction

- neurologic impairment

Treatment of the g.d.

- medication

- surgery

- long-term therapy

- guidelines for daily living

- prevention of complications

- coping strategies

DISORDERS:

- benigh prostatic hyperplasia or benigh prostatic hypertrophy (B.P.H.),

- urinary tract infection (U.T.I.),

- incontinence,

- chronic renal failure.

Diagnostic tests:

- kidney-ureter-bladder (K.U.B.) radiography

- renal computerized tomography

- nephrotomography

- renal ultrasonography

- cystourethroscopy

- intravenous pyelography

- radionuclide renal imaging (renal scan)

- renal angiography

- retrograde cystography

- retrograde ureteropyelography

- cystometry

- voiding cystourethrography

- clean-catch midstream urine specimen

The relevant causes of UTI.

 

- UTIs may occur after viral infections, such as mumps, measles, herpes, adenovirus or cytomegalovirus infections.

- The most common route of infection is from the urethra to the bladder.

The medication regimen.

Uncomplicated UTIs can be treated with any of several different courses of antimicrobial therapy.

Vocabulary

1. to precede – предшествовать

2. suppurative - гнойный

3. septic sore throat –гнойная ангина

4. otitis media ear –отит среднего уха

5. glomerular – клубочковый, почечный клубочек

6. the site of the initial lesion –место первоначального повреждения

7. аlbuminuria – белок в моче, альбуминурия

8. pus cells –лейкоциты

9. casts –цилиндры

10. a scanty outflow of urine – скудное выделение мочи

11. anuria – отсутствие мочи

12. heart insufficiency –сердечная недостаточность

13. kidney eclampsia –почечная недостаточность

14. nonprotein nitrogen –небелковый азот

15. edema of the brain –отек мозга

16. to recovery – выздоравливать

17. smouldering – тление

18. latent stage - скрытый период

19. picture of urine-test –картина анализа мочи

 

МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ СТУДЕНТОВ И КОНТРОЛЯ КОНЕЧНОГО УРОВНЯ ЗНАНИЙ

1. Найдите в тексте GENITOURINARY DISORDERS и переведите следующие фразы:


1. лечение заболеваний мочевыделительной системы (МВС)

2. длительное лечение

3. профилактика осложнений

4. доброкачественная опухоль

5. стратегия психологической адаптации

6. сексуальные расстройства

7. инфекция МВС

8. почечная недостаточность

9. недержание мочи

10. наличие патогенных микроорганизмов

11. мочеиспускательный канал

12. расстройство мочеиспускания

13. чувство жжения

14. жаловаться на боли в спине

15. противомикробная терапия


2. Переведите на русский язык:


1. renal disorder

2. sexual dysfunction

3. impairment

4. surgery

5. long-term therapy

6. complications

7. coping strategies

8. benigh tumor

9. incontinence

10. Diagnostic tests


3. Переведите на русский язык:


1. the presence of pathogenic microorganisms

2. urinary tract

3. to occur as infection

4. urethritis

5. cystitis

6. pyelonephritis

7. ureter

8. kidney

9. viral infections

10. mumps


4. Переведите на русский язык:


1. measles

2. adenovirus infections

3. cytomegalovirus infections

4. route of infection

5. from the urethra to the bladder

6. classic symptoms of UTI

7. dysuria

8. urgency

9. frequency

10. a burning sensation

5. Find in the text “Acute nephritis” picture of urine-test.

 

6. Recount the principal symptoms of the acute nephritis.

 

Translate into English: острая инфекция, заболевание почек, острый гломерулонефрит, почки крупные и ишемичные, клиническая картина острого нефрита, почечная инфекция, небелковый азот, повышение артериального давления, ремиссия и рецидивы.

 

 

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS.

 

 

Gastrointestinal risk factors:

- dietary habits that include an unbalanced diet low in bulk and high in irritants

- smoking

- medications, especially aspirin and medications containing aspirin, steroids or anticoagulants

- alcohol intake

- obesity

- abnormal bowel function

Treatment of the gastrointestinal disorder:

- diet

- medication

- good health practices

- other

 

DISORDERS:

- constipation,

- diverticular disease,

- hiatal hernia,

- inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease),

- peptic ulcer disease.

 

 

Diagnostic tests:

- collecting stool specimen(s) to detect occult blood,

- upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,

- lower gastrointestinal endoscopy,

- upper gastrointestinal series (barium swallow),

- lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema),

- oral cholecystography, liver-spleen scanning.

 

Peptic Ulcer Disease.

It is a sore in the lining of the upper GI tract. Possible locations include the following:

- lower esophagus

- stomach (gastric ulcer)

- duodenum (upper portion of small bowel - duodenal ulcer).

 

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

Cardiovascular risk factors:

- Smoking

- Overweight, sedentary life-style

- Presence of other chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes)

- Stressful life-style

- Diet high at fat, cholesterol, calories or salt

- Family history of cardiovascular disease

- Personal history of cardiovascular disease

Treatment of the cardiovascular disease

- Diet and exercise

- Medication and treatment

- Stress management

- Guidelines for daily living

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

- Holter monitoring (ambulatory electrocardiography),

- 12-lead electrocardiography,

- exercise electrocardiography (stress test),

- cardiac catheterization,

- phonocardiography,

- echocardiography,

- apexcardiography.

DISORDERS:

- hypertension,

- congestive heart failure (C.H.F.),

- angina pectoris,

- myocardial infarction (M.I.),

- arterial occlusive disease,

- varicose veins.

HYPERTENSION.

 

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood against the inside walls of the blood vessels as the heart rhythmically contracts and relaxes. There are two components to BP:

- systolic BP; normally it's 100 to 140 mm Hg

- diastolic BP; normally it's below 90 mm Hg.

Hypertension is blood pressure that is too high. A blood pressure greater than 140 systolic and 90 diastolic is said to be high, or above normal.

Risk factors for hypertension include family history, age, race, smoking, and stress.

Reasons for treating hypertension include the following:

- people with hypertension die younger than people with normal BP;

- hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease;

- hypertension can damage the kidneys, eyes, blood vessels, and heart, increasing the risk of kidney failure, blindness, stroke, or heart attack.

The components of the treating regimen for hypertension requiring lifelong compliance include the following:

 

- dietary modifications

- medications

- stress management

- regular exercises

- blood pressure self-measurement

- regular medical follow-up.

 

The dietary measures to control hypertension include the following:

1. salt intake should be reduced;

2. weight should be reduced, if offered by the physician; obesity may increase blood pressure.

 


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