Read the sentence pairs. Choose where the words best fit in the blanks.

1. supersede / derive

The laws _________ from a treaty written in 1857.

The new law will ___________ the old one

2. pool / override

The organizations want to______ their clients to create one large organization.

These new customs ___________ the old treaty in this case.

3. genocide / slavery

_________________ has reduced the population by a third.

__________________forces people to work with no pay.

4. entity / treaty

Twenty countries have signed the _____________.

The northern area is sometimes considered a separate _____________.

65. Listen and read the text again. How many distinct disciplines and sources of international law are there? What is each about?

Listen to two students discussing international law.

a) Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).

1. Public international law applies to multinational companies.

2. Customary and conventional law are both sources of law.

3. Customary law is based on international agreements and treaties.

b) Listen again and complete the conversation.

S 1: So, what's 1_______ __________ ________then?

S 2: That determines which legal system and which jurisdiction applies to a 2 _____.

S1: Hmm... Can you explain 3 _________ ___________ and conventional law?

S 2: Sure. They're both sources of international law. That's where the rules come from.

S1: And what's the difference between the two?

S2: Customary law is the law that 4 ___________ from the customs of states over the years.

S1: Oh, like attitudes towards 5 ____________ and things like that?

S2: Yes, and 6 ___________ ___________comes from treaties and

international agreements, and increasingly from the practices of international organizations

Check your vocabulary. Match definitions (1-30) with correct word.

• Money claimed by someone as compensation for harm done. • To send someone to prison or to a court. • An adjective referring to a judge or to the law. • Not guilty of a crime. • Any act which is not legal. • A person who has studied law and can act for people on legal business. • A disagreement or argument between parties. • A specialist court outside the judicial system which examines special problems. • A set of arguments or facts put forward by one side in a legal proceeding. • An official who presides over a court. • To make an allegation in legal proceedings. • Someone who is accused of a crime in a criminal case. • A person who makes a claim against someone in a civil court. • An agreement reached after an argument. • To hold someone legally so as to charge them with a crime. • A case which is being heard by a committee, tribunal or court of law. • To find that someone is guilty of a crime. • Failure to carry out the terms of an agreement. • To bring someone to court to answer a criminal charge. • To ask a high law court to change its decision or sentence. • To say that someone has committed a crime. • Having the legal ability to force someone to do something. • An adjective referring to the rights and duties of private persons or organisations. • The arguments used when fighting a case. • A legal agreement between two or more parties. • An adjective referring to crime. • A group of 12 citizens who decide whether or not someone is guilty in a trial. • A written or spoken statement of facts which helps to prove or disprove something at a trial. • To order someone to pay money as a punishment. • A court order telling someone to stop doing something, or not to do something.

appeal arrest binding breach case charge civil claimant commit contract convict court crime criminal damages defence defendant dispute evidence fine guilty hearing injunction innocent judge judicial jury lawyer legal offence plead prosecute sentence settlement trial tribunal

Glossary

Unit 4

accuse of - выдвинуть обвинение, обвинять

allegation - заявление (перед судом)

battery - побои

binding - обязательный

breach - нарушение (закона, обязательств)

bring a (criminal) action - возбуждать дело

capital punishment - смертная казнь

carry out - выполнять, осуществлять; приводить в исполнение

charge with - обвинять

claimant - истец

commit - вынести решение о лишении свободы

consistency of all norms of law - последовательность всех правовых норм

conventional international law - международное договорное право

customary law - обычное право

supranational law - наднациональная правовая система

private international law - международное частное право

maritime law - морское право

damage (v)- нанести ущерб, повреждение

damage (n) - ущерб

damages - возмещение убытков

punitive damages - штрафные убытки; убытки, присуждаемые в порядке наказания

defence counsel - адвокат ответчика / подсудимого, защитник

dispute - спор

doubt - сомневаться

Enterprise law / Commercial law / Business law - предпринимательское / торговое право

evidence - доказательство, улика

exonerating - оправдательный, снимающий вину

file (for) (v) - регистрировать / подавать (документы), обращаться (с жалобой/прошением)

genocide - геноцид

guilt - вина

handle tort law cases - вести дела деликтного права

implementation - применение

interrogate - допрашивать

in smb's favor - в пользу

inheritance - наследство

injunctions - судебный запрет

jail / prison - тюрьма

lawsuit - судебный иск, тяжба

legal entity - юридическое лицо

liability - обязательство, ответственность

loss of earnings - потеря заработка

magistrate - судья, мировой судья

medical costs - расходы на лечение потерпевшего

minor crime - малозначительное преступление

negligence - халатность

override - отменять, аннулировать

party - сторона

preside - председательствовать

pool - объединение

plead - выступать в суде с заявлением; защищать подсудимого, представлять (в суде) его интересы

probate - распоряжение собственностью по завещанию

probation - пробация, условное наказание

prosecutor - обвинитель, прокурор

proof - доказательство

standard of proof - норма доказательства

product liability - ответственность производителя (перед потребителем за качество товара)

prove - доказывать

proven - доказанный

reasonable doubt - разумное сомнение

Russian scholars - российские ученые

slavery - рабство

sue - преследовать в судебном порядке; подавать в суд

sue for monetary damages - подавать иск о возмещении ущерба

supersede - заменять

tenant - владелец, арендатор

tort - гражданское правонарушение, деликт

treaty - договор, соглашение, конвенция

trespassing - несанкционированное проникновение; взлом

trust - распоряжение имуществом по доверенности

violate - нарушать

violation - нарушение

win / settle a case - выиграть дело