Наиболее употребительные cуффиксы

Образуйте при помощи суффиксов новые слова по образцу и переведите их (письменно).

 

1. Суффиксы существительных:

-er to write – writer (писать – писатель)

to design, to paint, to build, to produce

-or to translate – translator (переводить – переводчик)

to decorate, to instruct, to coordinate, to direct, to visit

-ist colour – colourist (цвет, колёр – колорист)

economy, sociology

-ance / -ence important – importance (важный – важность), to differ – difference (различаться – различие)

to exist, to assist, to prefer, present

-ian academic – academician (академический – академик)

Arab, library, Canada, mathematics

-dom king – kingdom (король – королевство)

free, wise

-hood child – childhood (дитя – детство)

man, mother

-ion / -ation /-sion/ -tion to collect – collection (собирать – собрание, коллекция)

to produce, to connect, to combine, to organize

-(i)ty able – ability (способный – способность)

active, complex, popular

-ment to develop – development (развивать – развитие)

to improve, to achieve, to govern

-ness kind – kindness (добрый – доброта)

dark, cold, weak, full

-ship friend – friendship (друг – дружба)

leader, member, student

-ure architect – architecture (архитектор – архитектура)

to please, cult, moist, to sculpt

 

2. Суффиксы прилагательных:

-able change – changeable (изменяться – изменчивый)

to compare, to move, to eat

-ible response – responsible (ответ – ответственный)

to flex, to convert

-al culture – cultural (культура – культурный)

form, person, architecture

-ant /-ent to insist – insistent (настаивать – настойчивый)

to resist, to differ

-esque picture – picturesque (картина – живописный)

statue, Arab, sculpture, Roman

-ful beauty – beautiful (красота – красивый)

use, wonder, peace, success

-less help – helpless (помощь – беспомощный)

home, price, hope

-(i)an Russia – Russian (Россия – русский) – м. б. прилагательным и существительным

Hungary, Ukraine, Rome

-ic base – basic (основа – основной)

period, cubist

-ish brown – brownish (коричневый – коричневатый), Dane – Danish (датчанин – датский)

Swede, red, purple, new, book, Scott, Pole

-ive effect – effective (действие – действительный)

to act, to construct, progress

-ous fame – famous (известность – известный)

danger, prestige, religion

-y rain – rainy (дождь – дождливый)

health, frost, wind

 

3. Суффиксы глаголов:

-en wide – to widen (широкий – расширять)

strength, short

-(i)fy simple – simplify (простой – упрощать)

pure, intense, glory

-ize character – to characterize (характер – характеризовать)

organ, real, harmony

-ate decor – decorate (декор – декорировать)

grade

 

Упражнение 19.

 

Определите по суффиксу, какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Дайте корневые слова, от которых они образованы и переведите их.

 

Specialize, scenic, exhibition, Italian, central, movement, graduate, mosaicist, glorious, lengthen, brotherhood, wonderful, discussion, comfortable, intensity, portraiture, restorer, creative, elegance, dirty, partnership, classify, shapeless, important.

 

 

Контрольное задание 2.

 

1. Прочтите и устно переведите текст “Genres of painting”. Пользуясь словарём, выпишите значение и транскрипцию незнакомых слов.

Genres of Painting

 

Paintings are traditionally divided into five categories or 'genres'. The establishment of these genres and their relative status in relation to one other, stems from the philosophy of arts promoted by the great European Academies of Fine Art, like the Accademia in Rome, the Accademia in Florence, the Royal Academy in London, and the French Académie des Beaux-Arts. The five types of fine art painting, listed in order of their official ranking or importance, are as follows:

1.History Painting
2.Portraits
3.Genre-painting
4.Landscapes
5. Still Life

Why Paintings Were Ranked

This 'hierarchy of genres' reflected Italian Renaissance values about what was the 'best' type of art. In Italy, where most art was public and commissioned by the Church, large-scale paintings with a moral or uplifting message were considered the highest form of art. Whereas landscape and still lifes typically contained no humans and thus no moral message.

This ranking system led to increasing controversy and debate within the official art world - not least because the Old Masters of the Northern Renaissance (Flanders, Holland, Germany and England) developed quite different painting traditions and methods from those in Italy.

First, unlike in Italy and Spain, Protestant Northern Europe possessed fewer religious patrons who were interested in commissioning large scale historical works. Artists thus turned to middle-class patrons who wanted small scale portable artworks. Second, the North European climate was less suitable for fresco painting and more suitable for oils. Thus movements like the Dutch Realist School began to specialize in small-scale easel-painting encompassing portraiture, genre paintings and still lifes, since these types of picture exploited the medium of oil paint to greatest effect.

Another problem concerned the rigidity of the fine art academies, who continued to espouse the 'traditional' style of teaching - known as academic art - with few concessions to new art styles - such as Romanticism or Realism - or to developing genres such as landscape and still life. By the 19th century, debate raged between advocates of traditionalist academic-style painting and their more open-minded critics.

 

History Genre

Traditionally the most-respected of all the genres, history paintings are not limited to those depicting 'historic scenes'. The term derives from the Italian word "istoria", meaning narrative (story), and refers to paintings showing the exemplary deeds and struggles of moral figures. The latter might include Saints or other Biblical figures, pagan divinities, mythological heroes as well as real-life historical figures. Such pictures, traditionally large-scale public artworks, aim to elevate the morals of the community.

 

Portraiture Genre

Portraits are pictures of people, deities or mythological figures in human form. The genre includes group-portraits as well as individual compositions. A portrait of an individual may be face-only, head and shoulders, or full-body. Academic portraiture is executed according to certain conventions, concerning dress, the position of hands and other details. This genre was practised by artists of almost all movements, including the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo and Neo-classical styles. Ninteenth century portraits also mirrored the realist style of the day, while later we see a number of fine Impressionist portraits along with even more colourful Expressionist portraiture, and other twentieth century portrait artists, and the portraits painted by Picasso as well as various other Surrealist and Pop-Art portraiture. This genre also includes self portraits. Supreme exponents of self-portraiture include: the Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Durer, Baroque master Rembrandt, the tragic 19th century expressionist Vincent Van Gogh.

Genre-Paintings

This category of painting denotes pictures that portray ordinary scenes of everyday life. Subjects encompass domestic settings, interiors, celebrations, tavern scenes, markets and other street situations. Whatever the precise content, the scene should be portrayed in a non-idealized way, and the characters should not be endowed with any heroic or dramatic attributes. The foremost example of this type of art was the Genre Painting of the Dutch Realist School. Famous exponents of Dutch Realism include: Adriaen van Ostade, David Teniers, Gerard Terborch, Pieter de Hooch, Jan Steen, Gabriel Metsu.

 

Landscape Genre

Derived from the Dutch word 'landschap', a patch of ground - the term 'landscape' denotes any picture whose main subject is the depiction of a scenic view, such as fields, hillscapes, mountain-scapes, trees, riverscapes, forests, sea views and seascapes. Many famous landscape paintings include human figures, but their presence should be a secondary element in the composition.

Following on from the English School of landscape painting of the 18th/19th century, famous styles include the Barbizon School of Landscape Painting, the Wanderers Art Movement in Russia, and of course the supreme exponents of plein-air art the French Impressionist School of Landscape Painting.

 

Still Lifes

A «still life» typically comprises an arrangement of objects (such as flowers or any group of mundane objects) laid out on a table. It derives from the Dutch word 'Stilleven', a term used by Dutch artists to describe pictures previously entitled 'Fruit' or 'Flower Pieces'. Still lifes that contain ethical messages concerning human behaviour, are known as Vanitas paintings.

In the 20th century both European and American artists' most characteristic subject matter was still life. The cubist artists, Picasso, Braque, and Gris, painted still-life subjects predominantly. The artists in many schools of abstract painting, beginning with Cézanne and continuing to the present day, forsook the objective representation of still life and developed myriad varieties of treatment of the subject, concentrating on colour, form, and composition. Occasionally they painted other subjects, applying to these their still-life stylistic techniques.

 

Notes:

genre [`ʒa:nr ] – жанр

Academy [`ə`kædəmi] - академия

hierarchy [`'haiərɑ:ki] - иерархия

Renaissance [ri'neis(ə)ns] – Ренессанс, Возрождение

controversy [`kɒntrəvə:si; kən'trɒvəsi] – спор, полемика, дискуссия

Romanticism [ro`mæntəsɪzəm] - романтизм

Baroque [bə `rouk] - барокко

Rococo [rə `koukou] - рококо

portraiture ['pɔ:trɪʧə] – портретная живопись

scene [si:n] – сцена, пейзаж, картина

the Wanderers Art Movement [ðə `wondərəz a:t `mu:vmənt] – “передвижники”, передвижничество

plein-air – пленэр

mundane [m ʌ n`dein] – светский, мирской, земной

previously[`pri:viəsli] – прежде, ранее, предварительно

technique [tek`ni:k] - техника, метод, способ

Упражнения к тексту.

I. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

 

1.What are the main five genres of painting?

2.Why were paintings ranked?

3.How did the traditions and methods of painting of Italian and Northern Renaissance differ from each other?

4. What paintings does the term “historical genre” refer to?

5. What types of portraits do you know?

6. What is the characteristic feature of genre painting?

7.Where did the worldwide famous school of genre painting develop?

8.Why was landscape the most popular genre with the painters of the 19^th century, especially with the French Impressionist School?

9. When did still life become the main subject and a field for experimentation with colour, form and composition in painting?

 

II. Переведите и запомните следующие словосочетания из текста:

to be divided into

to reflect Renaissance values

to commission a work of art

fresco painting

large-scale painting / small scale portable painting

to exploit the medium of oil-painting

to specialize in easel-painting

exemplary deeds and struggles of moral figures

the latter / the former

group portrait / individual portrait

self-portrait

head-portrait

shoulder-length portrait

half-length portrait

full-length portrait

supreme exponents

to portray in a non-idealized way

to be endowed with heroic attributes

Dutch Realist School

the Wanderers Art Movement

arrangement of objects

to contain ethical message

varieties of treatment of the subject

 

III. Согласитесь или опровергните утверждения, используя следующие выражения. Если вы согласны с утверждением, повторите предложение; если не согласны — исправьте его:

 

Согласие: Несогласие:

I quite agree with you. I disagree with you on that point.

Naturally. I object to it.

Of course. Far from it.

I won’t deny. Certainly not.

Yes, indeed. On the contrary.

Yes, you are right. I’m afraid you are wrong.

 

1. Landscape painting was the most-respected of all genres.

2. Fresco painting was developed more in Northern Europe than in Italy.

3. Portraits can represent both real-life people and mythological figures in human form.

4. The foremost example of genre painting was the French Impressionist School.

5. “Death of Marat” by Jacques-Louis David is a portrait.

6. One of the leading genres of the Wanderers Art Movement in Russia was landscape.

7. Still lifes of the 17 ^th-18^th centuries often contain moral messages concerning human behaviour.