An Outline of Olympic Games History

It is a Sports festival. In ancient Greece it was a Panhellenic festival held every fourth year and made up of contests of sports, music, and literature. Since 1896 the name has been used for a modified revival of the ancient Games, consisting of international athletic contests held at four-year intervals.... After the subjugation of Greece by Rome, the Games declined; they were finally abolished about 400. They were revived in the late 19th century through efforts led in part by Pierre, baron de Coubertin. The first modern Games were held in Athens. The first Winter Games were held in 1924. The direction of the modern Olympic movement and the regulation of the Games are vested in the International Olympic Committee, headquartered at Lausanne, Switzerland.

Outside Interference

The Olympics are supposed to be nonpolitical but have been marked (and marred) by politics. Although officially only individuals win Olympic medals, nations routinely assign political significance to the feats of their citizens and teams. Between 1952 and 1988 rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, rooted in mutual political antagonism, resulted in each boycotting games hosted by the other (Moscow, 1980; Los Angeles, 1984). Athletes from more than 50 countries didn't participate.

In 1936, Adolf Hitler, who called blacks an inferior race, opened the Olympics in Berlin, Germany, as a propaganda show. It was thus a great triumph for humanity when Jesse Owens, a black man from Ohio State University, won four gold (first place) medals. Hitler ducked out of the stadium so he wouldn't have to congratulate Owens.

In 1972, the Games in Munich, Germany, were struck with horror when 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and murdered by Palestinian terrorists.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC), which sets and enforces Olympic policy, has struggled with the licensing and commercialization of the games, the need to schedule events to accommodate American television networks (whose broadcasting fees help underwrite the games), and the monitoring of athletes who seek illegal competitive advantages, often through the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The IOC itself has also been the subject of controversy.

Olympic Games and Terrorism

At least five European countries' Olympic committees received letters in Russian making a "terrorist threat" before the Olympic Games (7-23 February 2014, Sochi, Russia), but Olympic chiefs said they posed no danger. Despite the assurances, the letters to committees in Italy, Hungary, Germany, Slovenia and Slovakia briefly caused alarm and underlined nervousness over security at the event.

Amid heightened concern about the possibility of terrorists targeting the Sochi Winter Olympics, the city was protected by an unprecedented "ring of steel" by Russian police, the army and security forces. In an interview with foreign TV networks before the Olympics, President Vladimir Putin said the security would be extensive but low visible: "Security is to be ensured by some 40,000 law enforcement and special services officers … We will protect our air and sea space, as well as the mountain cluster. I hope things will be organised in such a way that they don't catch the eye and, as I have already said, will not, so to say, depress the participants in the Olympic Games."

Sources: Columbia Encyclopedia, Concise Britannia Encyclopedia, Guardian

 

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

 

· What has terrorism to do with the Olympic Games?

· What kind of games are considered to be Olympic?

· What country is the original home of the Olympic Games?

· When did politicizing of the Olympic Games begin?

· What was peculiar about the Olympic Games in Germany in 1936?

· What facts of terrorism during the Olympic Games do you know?

· What kind of danger did the the Sochi Winter Olympics, 2014, face?

· What made a number of participant countries worry before the Sochi Winter Olympics, 2014?

· What steps are terrorists taking to intimidate the sportsmen and the public?

· What was Russia's response to the international concern?

· What kind of security to protect the sportsmen and the audience was provided by the host country in 2014?

Unit 3

HUMAN RIGHTS

Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice
human rights	права человека
to require limitations	ввести ограничения, требовать ограничений
to maximize an individual's liberty	максимально расширить/увеличить свободы личности
to minimize the restriction upon an individual's freedom	довести до минимума ограничения свободы личности
an act or omission	действие или бездействие
breach of a duty	невыполнение обязательства, нарушение закона
to enshrine individual freedoms	обеспечивать свободы личности
international law	международное право
to draw up documents (agreements, treaties, conventions)	составлять документы (соглашения, договора, конвенции)
to protect and increase civil liberties	защищать и расширять гражданские права
the United Nations Organization	Организация Объединенных Наций
Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Всеобщая декларация прав человека
the Council of Europe	Совет Европы
to adopt	принять (конвенцию, декларацию)
Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms	Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод
to come into force	вступить в силу
the right to life, liberty and security	право на жизнь, на свободу и на личную неприкосновенность
prohibition of torture	запрещение пыток
prohibition of slavery and forced labour	запрещение рабства и принудительного труда
the right to a fair trial	право на справедливый суд
the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion	право на свободу мысли, совести и религии
the right to freedom of opinion and expression	право на свободу убеждений и на свободное выражение их
the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association	право на свободу мирных собраний и ассоциаций
the right to marry and to found a family without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion	право вступать в брак и основывать семью без всяких ограничений по признаку расы, национальности или религии
to observe the fundamental human rights and freedoms	соблюдать основные права и свободы человека

Task 1. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law. Pay special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type.

The European Convention on Human Rights

While it is true to say that all societies require limitations upon total individual freedom to do, say, write, meet, etc., it is also true that any civilized society will attempt to maximize the liberty and minimize the restriction upon an individual's freedom.

The problem of human rights is a matter of liberties rather than rights. According to Professor Williams, a liberty means any occasion on which an act or omission is not a breach of a duty. A right exists where there is a positive law on the subject; a liberty where there is no law against it.

In English law there is no written constitution nor any Bill of Rights to enshrine individual freedoms. Since the Second World War a number of international agreements, treaties, conventions and so on have been drawn up to protect, stabilize and increase civil liberties.

As examples, consider the following:

1) the Universal Declaration of Human Rights — United Nations Organization. This was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

2) the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Council of Europe. This is not an institution of the European Community, but an international organization of twenty-one West European states which was formed in 1949; it was the first post-war attempt at unifying Europe. Twenty of the twenty-one are parties to the convention — Liechtenstein being an exception. The convention came into force on September 3, 1953.

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. This Declaration sought to define a set of individual rights which were considered to be fundamental to the well-being of citizens of all countries. They included the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to work, the right to a fair trial and the right to own property. The ECHR is not as broad as the UDHR but is nevertheless an important document.

The Convention was drafted under the auspices of the Council of Europe, an international organization composed of 21 West European states which was formed in 1949 as the result of the first post-war attempt at unifying Europe. The impetus for the Convention came from the need to define more closely the obligations of members of the Council concerning «human rights», and, more generally, from the wish to provide a bulwark against communism and to prevent a recurrence of conditions which Europe had then recently witnessed. It was believed that the Convention would serve as an alarm that would bring violations of human rights to the attention of the international community in time for it to take action to suppress them. In practice, this function of the Convention, which imagines large-scale violations of human rights, has largely remained dormant. The Convention has instead been used primarily to raise questions of isolated weaknesses in legal systems that basically conform to its requirements and which are representative of the «common heritage of political traditions, ideals, freedom and the rule of law» to which the preamble to the Convention refers. Most commonly such questions have concerned the administration of criminal justice, although the impact of the Convention in other areas is increasingly being explored. The Convention is concerned mainly with civil and political rights. The rights included in the Convention include the right to life, the right to liberty and security of person, the right not to be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment, not to be required to perform forced or compulsory labour, the right to a fair hearing, to respect for private life, to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, to freedom of expression and assembly and free elections. These, and the other provisions of the ECHR are called Articles.

The parties to the Convention are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Liechtenstein is a member of the Council of Europe but not a party to the Convention.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Do all societies require limitations upon total individual freedom to do, say, write, meet?

2. Doesany civilized society try to minimize the restriction upon an individual's freedom?

3. Do you agree that the problem of human rights is a matter of liberties rather than of rights?

4. Give a definition of the term «right».

5. Give a definition of the term «liberty».

6. Is there any written constitution or any Bill of Rights to enshrine individual freedoms in English law?

7. Are there any treaties or conventions to protect and increase civil liberties in international law? What do you remember about them?

Task 2. Read and translate the following word combinations:

to define a set of individual rights

the well-being of citizens of all countries

the right to an adequate standard of living

the right to own property

under the auspices of the Council of Europe

the impetus for the Convention

to prevent a recurrence of conditions

in practice

large-scale violation of human rights

to remain dormant

common heritage of political traditions

the administration of criminal justice

 

 

Task 3. Complete the sentences with the words and word combinations from the boxes:

(a)

commonly criminal justice impact mainly

concerning obligations well-being

freedom violations post-war attempt

 

 

(1) The council of Europe was formed as the result of the first ________ at unifying Europe.

(2) These rights were considered to be fundamental to the ________ of citizens of all countries.

(3) It was necessary to define more closely the _________ of members of the council _______ «human rights».

(4) It will bring __________ of human rights to the attention of the international community.

(5) Most __________ such question have concerned the administration of ________.

(6) The _________ of the Convention in other areas is increasingly being explored.

(7) The Convention is concerned _________ with civil and political rights.

(b)

human rights limitations the restriction written constitution

individual freedoms proclaimed agreements, treaties, conventions

adopted a breach of a duty came into force according to

(1) All societies require ___ upon total individual freedom to do, say, write, meet.

(2) Any civilized society tries to minimize ___ upon an individual's freedom.

(3) The problem of ___ is a matter of liberties rather than of rights.

(4) In English law there is no ___

(5) In English law there is not any Bill of Rights to enshrine ____

(6) In international law there are some ___ for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(7) The United Nations Organization ___ the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December, 1948.

(8) The Council of Europe ___ the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in 1953.

(9) The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ___ on 3 September, 1953.

(10) ___ Professor Williams a liberty means any occasion on which an act or omission is not ___

Task 4. (a) Complete the text below with the words and word combinations from the box:

liberty six years

of discrimination by a majority

 

The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms proclaims the main human rights and freedoms: the right to life, ___ and security, prohibition of torture, prohibition of slavery and forced labour, right to a fair trial, no punishment without law, right to respect for private and family life, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of peaceful assembly and association, the right to marry and to found a family without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, prohibition _______ and so on.

The European Court of Human Rights was set up to ensure the observance of the fundamental human rights and freedoms. It functions on a permanent basis. The term of office of every judge is ______ and expires when the judge is 70 years old. The judges must hold office until replaced. The judges must be of high moral character. No one can dismiss the judge from his office unless the other judges decide ________ of two-thirds that he does not fulfill the required conditions any more.

(b) Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the box:

NB	breach — нарушение (права, закона, договора и т.д.)
(1) breach of duty	несправедливость, нарушение принципов правосудия
(2) breach of faith	нарушение права, закона
(3) breach of justice	нарушение обязательств
(4) breach of law	нарушение общественного порядка
(5) breach of obligations	злоупотребление доверием, вероломство
(6) breach of promise	злоумышленное нарушение
(7) breach of the peace	нарушение обещания, нарушение данного слова
(8) malicious breach	нарушение, неисполнение обязанности
(9) breach of confidence	нарушение договора
(10) breach of contract	нарушение порядка
(11) breach of order	нарушение доверия

Task 5. Translate the following word combinations and sentences into English:

права человека

цивилизованное общество

расширить свободы граждан

довести до минимума ограничения свобод граждан

по мнению (кого-либо)

нарушение закона (невыполнение обязательства)

обеспечивать свободы личности

международное право

составлять документы

соглашение

договор

конвенция

Вторая мировая война

Организация Объединенных Наций

защищать и расширять гражданские права

провозглашать

Всеобщая декларация прав человека

Совет Европы

Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод

вступить в силу

право на жизнь, на свободу и на личную неприкосновенность

запрещение пыток

запрет рабства и принудительного труда

право на справедливый суд

право на невмешательство / уважение частной и семейной жизни

право на свободу мысли, совести и религии

право на свободу убеждений и на свободное выражение их

право на свободу мирных собраний и ассоциаций

право вступать в брак и основывать семью без всяких ограничений по признаку расы, национальности или религии

Европейский суд по правам человека

функционировать на постоянной основе

срок полномочий

уволить судью, лишить судью полномочий

если только не…

принять решение большинством голосов в две трети

соответствовать предъявляемым требованиям

 

(1) Вопрос о правах человека в большей степени является проблемой свобод, нежели прав.

(2) По мнению профессора Уильямса, свобода означает любые условия, при которых действие или бездействие не являются нарушением закона.

(3) Любое цивилизованное общество пытается расширить свободы граждан и довести до минимума ограничения свобод граждан.

(4) Свобода существует там, где нет закона, ее ограничивающего.

(5) Генеральная Ассамблея Объединенных Наций провозгласила Всеобщую декларацию прав человека в 1948 г.

(6) Совет Европы принял Европейскую Конвенцию о защите прав человека и основных свобод в 1953 г.

(7) Европейский суд по правам человека был учрежден в целях обеспечения соблюдения основных прав и свобод человека.

(8) Срок полномочий каждого судьи шесть лет.

(9) Срок полномочий судьи истекает, когда ему исполняется 70 лет.

(10) Судья должен выполнять свои обязанности, пока ему не будет найден преемник. Судьи должны обладать высокими моральными качествами.

(11) Никто не может лишить судью полномочий за исключением случаев, когда другие судьи большинством голосов в две трети принимают решение, что данный судья уже не соответствует предъявляемым к нему требованиям.

Task 6. Study the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. What human rights and fundamental freedoms listed in the Declaration aren't observed throughout the world yet? Study the texts below and give your opinion on the problem of human rights.

 

In past centuries infants in China were sometimes kidnapped and turned into «animal children». Every day, starting with the back, the captors would remove a bit of the unfortunate child's skin and transplant pieces of the hide of a bear or dog in its place. The process was tedious, for the hide adhered only on spots, and the children often died in the midst of treatment. The captors also destroyed their victims' vocal cords, forced them to walk on all fours, and tortured them to such an extent that the innocent infants were soon bereft of all reason. One result of such atrocities was the «wild boy of Kiangse», exhibited in the nineteenth century before a group of westerners in China. The child walked on all fours, made a peculiar barking sound, and was covered with a fuzzy, leathery kind of hide. An American doctor named Macgowan who witnessed that spectacle recorded that another method of creating child-monsters in China was to deprive the children of light for several years so that their bones would become deformed.

 

Notes:

the hide of a bear	шкура медведя
to destroy vocal cords	разрушать голосовые связки
to force smb to walk on all fours	заставлять кого-либо ходить на четвереньках
to torture smb to such an extent that…	мучить кого-либо до такой степени, что…
to be bereft of all reason	лишиться рассудка
to make barking sounds	производить гавкающие звуки
fuzzy — пушистый; leathery	похожий на кожу
to deprive the children of light	лишать детей света

 

 

* * *

In seventeenth-century Europe there were wandering bands of smugglers called comprachicos whose stock-in-trade was buying children, deforming them, and selling them to the aristocracy, who thought it fashionable to have freaks in court. The comprachicos' «arts» included slunting children's growth, placing muzzles on their faces to deform them (it was from this practice that Dumas took his theme for The Man in the Iron Mask), slitting their eyes, dislocating their joints, and malforming their bones. James II of England hired comprachicos to kidnap the heirs of families whose lines he wished to extinguish. Victor Hugo's The Man Who Laughs had a grotesque permanent smile carved by the comprachicos.

 

Notes:

wandering bands of smugglers	бродячие группы контрабандистов
stock-in-trade	шаблонные манеры и уловки, присущие определенным лицам; (зд.)ремесло
a freak	уродец
in court	при дворе
а muzzle	морда, намордник
to slit	разрезать в длину, расщеплять, раскалывать
to dislocate joints	перемещать конечности / части тела
to malform (bones)	деформировать, уродовать (кости)
an heir (of a family)	наследник (семьи)
to extinguish	уничтожать

Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice
domestic violence / domestic abuse	домашнее насилие
spousal abuse	супружеское насилие
sexual abuse	сексуальное насилие
physical assault	физическое нападение
cohabitants and non-married intimate partners	сожители и неженатые партнеры
perpetrators of domestic violence	виновные в домашнем насилии
to bring perpetrators to justice	привлечь виновных к суду
to prosecute the perpetrators	преследовать виновных по закону
to lead to criminal violence	привести к преступному насилию
to seek justice	искать правосудия
to gain justice	добиться правосудия
to ban discrimination and violence against women	запретить дискриминацию и насилие над женщинами
to escape violence	избегнуть насилия
drug and alcohol dependence	наркотическая и алкогольная зависимость
sleep disorders	нарушения сна
sexual dysfunction	сексуальные расстройства
strained family relationships	натянутые семейные отношения
suicide attempts	попытки самоубийства
an inability to adequately respond to the needs of one's children	неспособность адекватно реагировать на нужды своих детей
to respect, protect and fulfill the rights of women	уважать, защищать и исполнять права женщин
family reunification or maintenance	воссоединение и сохранение семьи
to promote and protect the human rights of women	развивать и защищать права женщин
to claim freedoms and entitlements at the national and international levels	заявлять о свободах и правах на национальном и международном уровнях
to reduce criminal penalty	сократить уголовное наказание
with impunity	безнаказанно

Task 7. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law. Pay special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type.

Domestic violence

Domestic violence is a pattern of controlling and aggressive behaviors from one adult, usually a man, towards another, usually a woman, within the context of an intimate relationship.

Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member, partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate another. Domestic violence often refers to violence between spouses, or spousal abuse but can include cohabitants and non-married intimate partners. Domestic violence occurs in all cultures; people of all races, ethnicities, sexes and classes can be perpetrators of domestic violence. Domestic violence is perpetrated by both men and women.

Domestic violence has many forms. Violence can be criminal and includes physical assault (hitting, pushing, shoving, etc.), sexual abuse (unwanted or forced sexual activity), and stalking. Although emotional, psychological and financial abuses are not criminal behaviors, they are forms of abuse and can lead to criminal violence. There is a number of dimensions including the following.

Violence and abuse affect all kinds of people every day. It doesn't matter what race or culture you come from, how much money you have, how old you are, or if you have a disability. Violence doesn't discriminate.

Abuse can be physical, mental, and emotional. Violence against women in any form is a crime, whether the abuser is a family member, someone you date; a current or past spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend; an acquaintance; or a stranger. You are not at fault. You don't cause the abuse to occur. Too often the crime of domestic violence is hidden away.

Domestic violence is any incident of threatening behavior, violence or abuse between adults who are or have been in a relationship together, or between family members, regardless of gender or sexuality.

The Russian government estimates that 14,000 women were killed by relatives in 2005, yet the country still has no law specifically addressing domestic violence. In South Africa, more women are shot at home in acts of domestic violence than are shot by strangers on the streets or by intruders.

All too often, violence against women in the family is considered a private matter and not treated by the authorities as a crime. However, all governments are responsible for protecting their citizens from abuse, whether committed by officials or by private individuals («non-state actors»). If a state fails to prevent, investigate and punish acts of violence against women with sufficient diligence, then it shares responsibility for the abuses.

Violence in the family includes battering by intimate partners and others, sexual abuse of young women, marital rape and traditional practices harmful to women. Abuse of domestic workers can also be considered in this category. Violence in the family is often physical, psychological, and sexual.

Long-term effects of domestic violence on women who have been abused may include: anxiety, chronic depression, chronic pain, dehydration dissociative states, drug and alcohol dependence, eating disorders, emotional «over-reactions» to stimuli, general emotional numbing, malnutrition panic attacks, poor adherence to medical recommendations, repeated self-injury, self-neglect, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorders, strained family relationships, suicide attempts, an inability to adequately respond to the needs of their children.

Domestic violence can severely impair a parent's ability to nurture the development of their children. Mothers who are abused may be depressed or preoccupied with the violence.

(Renvoize, Jean (1982). Incest: A Family Pattern // Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters, American Psychological Association. — London: Routledge&Kegan Paul. February 1998.)

 

Notes:

chronic depression	хроническая депрессия
dehydration dissociative state	диссоциативные состояния
stalking	Преследование
eating disorders	пищевые расстройства
emotional «over-reactions» to stimuli	чрезмерные реакции на раздражители
general emotional numbing	общее эмоциональное оцепенение
malnutrition panic attacks	неправильное питание, вызванное приступами страха
poor adherence to medical recommendations	нежелание следовать медицинским рекомендациям
repeated self-injury	рецидивное членовредительство самому себе
self neglect	пренебрежение собой

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What is domestic violence?

2. When does domestic abuse happen?

3. Does domestic violence occur in all cultures and affect all kinds of people?

4. What is the difference between criminal and not criminal violence?

5. Why do women hide away domestic violence?

6. Does any law specifically addressing domestic violence exist?

7. What are long-term effects of domestic violence on women?

Task 8. Replace the words and word combinations in brackets by their equivalents from the text above:

(1) (Домашнее насилие) is a pattern of controlling and (агрессивное поведение) from one adult, usually a man, towards another, usually a woman, (в контексте личных взаимоотношений).

(2) Domestic violence often refers to (акты насилия между супругами) but can also include (сожители и неженатые партнеры).

(3) Domestic violence (виновны) by both men and women.

(4) Violence can be criminal and includes (физическое нападение: избиение, толкание и т.п., сексуальное насилие: нежелательные или насильственные сексуальные действия и преследование).

(5) Too often a crime of domestic violence (скрывается).

(6) All too often violence against women in the family (рассматривается как частное дело) and not treated (властями) as a crime.

(7) However, all governments (несут ответственность за защиту своих граждан от насилия), whether committed by officials or by private individuals (частный субъект деяния).

(8) If a state (не может предотвратить насилие), (прилагая достаточные усилия), then it shares responsibility for the abuse.

(9) Among long-term effects of domestic violence on women are: (беспокойство, преувеличенные реакции, расстройства сна, попытки суицида, пищевые расстройства, истощенные диссоциативные состояния).

Task 9. (a) Translate the following word combinations into English in writing:

эмоциональная заторможенность

уход за детьми

серьезно влияет на способность родителей осуществлять воспитание детей

длительное воздействие

хроническая депрессия

предотвращать акты насилия

алкогольная и наркотическая зависимости

совершенные официальными лицами или индивидуумами

невыполнение медицинских рекомендаций

истощенное эмоциональное состояние

рассматривается как частное дело

натянутые отношения в семье

с достаточным усердием

субъект деяния

законы, относящиеся к…

угрожающее поведение

грабителями

со стороны одного взрослого по отношению к другому

бывшие партнеры

бывшие супруги

виновные в домашнем насилии

нежелательные или вынужденные

психологическое нападение

преследование

может случиться с любым

может повлиять на любого

не зависит от возраста

не зависит от того, имеется ли у вас инвалидность

сожители

неженатые партнеры

в настоящее время являться
супругом

вы не виноваты

(b) Translate the following sentences into English in writing:

Насилие не избирательно. Многие люди сталкиваются с насилием и оскорблениями каждый день. Для того чтобы подвергнуться насилию, не имеет значения, к какой расе или культуре вы принадлежите, сколько у вас денег, сколько вам лет или вы инвалид. Насилие может быть физическим, психическим и эмоциональным. Насилие над женщиной в любой форме — это преступление, независимо от того, является ли насильник членом семьи, кто-то, с кем вы встречаетесь, нынешним или бывшим супругом, знакомым или посторонним. Очень часто домашнее насилие скрывается. Домашнее насилие может принимать различные формы. Виновниками домашнего насилия могут быть как мужчины, так и женщины. Домашнее насилие может часто происходить между супругами, сожителями или неженатыми партнерами. Домашнее насилие происходит, когда член семьи, партнер или бывший партнер предпринимает попытку физически или психологически подавить другого. В стране все еще нет законов, специально относящихся к проблеме домашнего насилия. Слишком часто насилие над женщиной в семье считается личным делом, и власти не рассматривают его в качестве преступления. Государство несет ответственность за защиту своих граждан от насилия. Если государство не предпринимает достаточных мер для предотвращения, расследования и наказания актов насилия над женщинами, то оно делит ответственность за эти преступления. Государство ответственно за защиту своих граждан от насилия, даже если насилие совершено «негосударственным» субъектом деяния. Домашнее насилие может оказать серьезное негативное влияние на способность родителей заботиться о развитии своих детей.

Task 10. Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the table:

(a)

(1) to bring a case before the court	(a) возбудить уголовное преследование
(2) to bring an action (against sb)	(b) возбудить судебное дело, тяжбу
(3) to bring a prosecution	(c) предъявить иск (кому-либо), возбудить судебное дело
(4) to bring a suit	(d) выдвигать обвинения
(5) to bring a witness	(e) предъявлять доказательства
(6) to bring charges	(f) возбудить судебное дело, подать в суд
(7) to bring evidence	(g) привлечь к ответственности
(8) to bring to account	(h) привлечь к суду
(9) to bring to justice	(i) выставить свидетеля
(10) to bring to responsibility	(j) призвать к ответу
(11) to bring to trial	(k) отдать в руки правосудия

(b)

(1) case at law	(a) версия обвинения
(2) case for the defense	(b) выступать по делу
(3) case for the prosecution	(c) уголовное дело
(4) to appear in the case	(d) судебное дело; предмет судебного разбирательства
(5) to defend a case	(e) опровергнуть версию; доказательства; обвинение
(6) to dismiss a case	(f) версия защиты
(7) to drop a case	(g) защищаться (на суде); представлять доводы
(8) to disprove the case	(h) рассматриваемое дело; данное дело
(9) to prepare a case for trial	(i) прекратить дело
(10) to review the case	(j) решить дело; раскрыть преступление
(11) to solve a case	(k) отказаться от иска, обвинения
(12) criminal case	(l) гражданское дело
(13) civil case	(m) подготовить дело к слушанию в суде
(14) case in point	(n) обычный случай; обычное, рутинное судебное дело
(15) routine case	(o) пересмотреть дело

(c)

NB	run — (1) иметь хождение (о валюте); (2) быть действительным, действовать, иметь юридическую силу (в течение определенного срока); (3) управлять, вести дела; (4) следовать за

(1) to run a risk	срок должностных полномочий
(2) to run a war	подвергаться риску
(3) run of office	срок действия (договора)
(4) run of validity	заявлять иск, претензию
(5) to run a claim	вести войну

QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION