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Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
note note notable notably
form      
  spread    
    diverse  
craft      

 


 

PART II
GRAMMAR REFERENCE

Вспомогательные глаголы Смысловые (основные) глаголы

to be to do to have   Infinitive Past Indefinite Participle 2 Participle 1
am is are was were   do does did had   I II III IY
 
shall/ will
to ask спросить I + e(d) asked спросил (а, и) I+e(d) asked спрошен (а, ы), спрошенн/ый (ая, ые) I + ing asking спрашивающ/ий (ая, ие)
  to write to begin to buy to sell to do to be wrote began bought sold did was/were written begun bought sold done been writing beginning buying selling doing being
                   

Модальные глаголы

can may must should ought to
could might -    

Структура английского предложения

Суть вопроса Вспомогательный глагол Подлежащее Сказуемое Дополнение Обстоятельство Ответы на общие вопросы
    I wrote 2 letters at home yesterday. +  
  Did you write 2 letters at home yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didn`t.  
When did you write 2 letters - -    
Where did you write 2 letters - yesterday?    
What did you write - at home yesterday?    
What did you do - at home yesterday?    
    I wrote 2 letters at home yesterday.    
    Who wrote 2 letters at home yesterday? I did.  
    Who writes 2 letters at home every day? I do. He does.  

Tense Forms (Active)

 

  Simple (Indefinite) Perfect Continuous(Progressive) Perfect Continuous
Future I shall write... Will you write..? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2035 I shall have written… Will you have written…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). by 5 tomorrow, before you come I shall be writing… Will you be writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). at 5 tomorrow, from 5 till 7 tomorrow, when you come I shall have been writing… Will you have been writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). for
  I, II; shall/will+I to have + III to be+ IV to have been+ IV
Present I write… Do you write…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. He writes… Does he write…? Yes, he does. No, he does not (doesn’t). usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year) I have written… Have you written…? Yes, I have. No, I have not (haven’t). -[result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year); lately, before, since, for I am writing… Are you writing...? Yes, I am. No, I am not. now I have been writing… Have you been writing…? Yes, I have. No I have not (haven’t). Since, for; these two days
Past I wrote… Did you write…? Yes, I did. No, I did not (didn’t). yesterday, the other day, the day before yesterday, last week (month, year), 2 days (weeks, years) ago, in 1917 I had written… Had you written…? Yes, I had. No, I had not (hadn’t). by 5 yesterday, before you came I was writing… Were you writing..? Yes, I was. No, I was not (wasn’t). at 5 yesterday, from 5 till 7 yesterday, when you came I had been writing… Had you been writing…? Yes, I had. No, I had hot (hadn’t). Since, for

 

 


Tense Forms (The Passive Voice)

Simple(Indefinite) Perfect Continuous(Progressive) Perfect Continuous
Future This letter will be written... Will thi letter be written..? Yes, it will. No, it will not. (won’t). tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2025 This letter will have been written… Will this letter have been written…? Yes, it will. No, it will not (won’t). by 5 tomorrow, before you come -   -  
  to be + III to be + III to be+ III  
Present Such a letter is written… Is such a letter written…? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t).   usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year) This letter has been written… Has this letter been written…? Yes, it has. No, it has not (hasn’t). [result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year), lately, before, since, for Such a letter is being written… Is such a letter being written? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t). now -  
Past This letter was written Was this letter written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t Yesterday, the day before yesterday; last week(month,year) two days (weeks, months, years) ago, in 1985 This letter had been written Had this letter been written…? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t. by 5yesterday; beforeyou came This letter was being written Was this letter being written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t. at 5 yesterday; when you came -  

 

 


The Modal Verbs.

MODALS USAGE Examples
can/could to describe ability My friend can dance well. I can explain this rule to you.
may/might to describe permission You may take my book.
must to describe a necessary action You mustkeep this door locked.
to give someone an order You must be careful when you drive.
to describe a duty Everyone must recycle as much as possible.
to make a strong recommendation You really must go and see that.
to emphasize an intention I must lend you this book.
for formal questions Must you go?
should to make a recommendation when we say what we think is a good idea You should come to work by metro. It would be much quicker.
ought to to say what we think is correct thing to do I think you ought to go to the doctor. You look not so good.
need to describe a necessary action You need to be more attentive.
can’t have +III couldn’t have + III when we are certain that sth in the past was possible; when we are sure sth wasn’t true She can’t / couldn’t have taken the car. She didn’t have the keys. That can’t have been successful (I’m sure it wasn’t).
may have + III for possible events in the past He isn’t here. He may/might have been late.
must have + III when we are certain sth in the past was true I cannot find my purse. I must have left it at home.

MODALS USAGE Examples
should have + III when we describe what we expect has probably happened, or believe has failed to happen They should have arrived in Moscow by now.
ought to have + III The train ought to have arrived. Where is it? (It hasn’t arrived.)
needn’t have + III to describe a past situation where sth happened or was done, but wasn’t necessary I needn’t have gone to the office. The meeting was postponed.

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