Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs): can, may, must

Types of Definitions

Memorize the reading and translate: essay, to define, to use, a genus, a gambling game, a dice, an explication, a cube, a highway, an analysis, air, mixture, to convey an impression, a maple, a pine, an arrow, deciduous – coniferous, an etymology, to evolve.

 

Text

In the process of preparing a report or essay scientists must often define their terms. Some of the definition types used in professional and academic writing are described below.

1. A formal definition. Itassigns an object to a genus or class.

Example: Craps (крэпс) is a gambling game played with two dices.

2. An explication. It explains the meaning of key words in a formal definition.

Example: A dice is a small cube marked on each side with a number of small dots, varying from 1 to 6.

3. An operational definition. It refers objects to a location or situation where the phenomenon can be observed.

Examples: Craps is a gambling game often played in casinos.

If you drive along a highway and another car passes you, you will experience the Doppler Effect.

4. An analysis. It separates a whole object into its component parts.

Examples: Craps is a dice game (игра в кости) in which the players make wagers (ставки). Players may wager money against each other (playing "street craps") or a bank (playing "casino craps", also known as "table craps", or often just "craps").

Air is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture containing nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, neon, and helium.

5. An example. It suggests that one member of a class of objects conveys an accurate impression of the entire class.

Example: Craps is an example of a gambling game.

The maple is an example of a deciduous tree.

6. Graphics. They give a pictorial representation of an object with lines, dots, arrows, etc.

7. Comparisons and contrasts. They describe ways in which objects or concepts are similar to or different from one another.

Examples: Both chess and craps are games; but chess is not a gambling one.

Both the maple and the pine are trees; but the former is deciduous, the second coniferous.

8. Elimination. Itindicates that something is not clear so the definition is not finished.

Examples: Craps is not only a game.

Clear-cutting is not the removal of only a few trees in a forest area.

9. An etymology. It explores the origin and historical development of a word.

Example: Craps, origin 1375-1425, late Middle English, Middle Dutch. 1835-45 Americanism, 18^th century E slang.

10. History. It records the events in the development of something.

Example: Craps developed from a simplification (упрощение) of the early English game of "hazard" (опасность). Its origin is complex and may date to the Crusades (крестовые походы), later being influenced by French gamblers (игроки). What was to become the modern American version of the game was brought to New Orleans by Bernard Xavier Philippe de Marigny de Mandeville (Бернар Ксавье Филипп де Мариньи де Мандевиль), a gambler (картежник) and politician descended (происходить родом) from wealthy colonial Louisiana landowners (землевладельцы).

The use of different types of definitions helps us to make our speech and written works.more scientific and at the same time easy for the understanding of ordinary people.

Assignments

1. Translate into English: готовить доклад, писать эссе, термин, определение, описывать, пример, игра – играть, ключевые слова, наблюдать феномен, делить на составные части, создавать впечатление, сравнение, происхождение и историческое развитие.

 

2. Give the definitions of the following terms: an introvert, an orator, a leader, a politician, a researcher, a scientific supervisor. Use all types of definitions.

Use the following formal definitions:

an introvert – a type of personality (or behavior), oriented inwards

an orator - one who makes a speech, as well as a person with the gift of oratory

a leader - a person in any group (organization), enjoying great and recognized authority and having the effect on other people in this group

a politician - a person professionally engaged in political activities, or much interested in politics; a person who follows politics as a career

a researcher – a common name of scientists engaged in science, a person who discovers new facts, gets additional information

a scientific supervisor – a person who watches and directs scientific researches.

 

3. Make as many questions as you can to the following sentences: Craps is a gambling game. History records the events in the development of something.

 

4.Вставьте соответствующие предлоги времени: after, at, before, by, during, for, from, in, on, since, till.

Даты, дни недели – on

Время по часам – at

Месяцы, год, части дня – in

 

1. Jennifer is going to come here … the eighth of December. 2. Our pupils had the last test … Wednesday. 3. Jane’s elder brother was born … January, 1999. 4. George got up … 04.40 a.m. a day before yesterday. 5. Renate was going to the library … classes. 6. Their boss will be busy … 16.00 … 19.00. 7. My cousin has been working in this famous company … 2005. 8. … the morning I always get up … 7 o’clock but … Sunday I get up later than usual. 9. He arrives … the first … July. 10. We shall go to the cinema … the evening.

Проверочная

 

высшее образование

 

среднее образование

 

научный подход в обучении

 

фундаментальные проблемы человечества

 

навыки

 

высоко квалифицированный специалист

 

степень бакалавра и магистра

 

давать определение

 

общество и граждане

 

добиваться успеха

 

знания, наука и культура

 

межличностные отношения

 

еда и проживание

 

защищать диссертацию

 

самооценка и саморазвитие

 

уважать чужое мнение

 

творчески мыслить

 

отрасли науки и промышленности

 

великие ученые

 

плата за обучение

 

хорошая словесная и зрительная память

 

 

Types of Definitions

Memorize the reading and translate: essay, to define, to use, a genus, a gambling game, a dice, an explication, a cube, a highway, an analysis, air, mixture, to convey an impression, a maple, a pine, an arrow, deciduous – coniferous, an etymology, to evolve.

 

Text

In the process of preparing a report or essay scientists must often define their terms. Some of the definition types used in professional and academic writing are described below.

1. A formal definition. Itassigns an object to a genus or class.

Example: Craps (крэпс) is a gambling game played with two dices.

2. An explication. It explains the meaning of key words in a formal definition.

Example: A dice is a small cube marked on each side with a number of small dots, varying from 1 to 6.

3. An operational definition. It refers objects to a location or situation where the phenomenon can be observed.

Examples: Craps is a gambling game often played in casinos.

If you drive along a highway and another car passes you, you will experience the Doppler Effect.

4. An analysis. It separates a whole object into its component parts.

Examples: Craps is a dice game (игра в кости) in which the players make wagers (ставки). Players may wager money against each other (playing "street craps") or a bank (playing "casino craps", also known as "table craps", or often just "craps").

Air is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture containing nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, neon, and helium.

5. An example. It suggests that one member of a class of objects conveys an accurate impression of the entire class.

Example: Craps is an example of a gambling game.

The maple is an example of a deciduous tree.

6. Graphics. They give a pictorial representation of an object with lines, dots, arrows, etc.

7. Comparisons and contrasts. They describe ways in which objects or concepts are similar to or different from one another.

Examples: Both chess and craps are games; but chess is not a gambling one.

Both the maple and the pine are trees; but the former is deciduous, the second coniferous.

8. Elimination. Itindicates that something is not clear so the definition is not finished.

Examples: Craps is not only a game.

Clear-cutting is not the removal of only a few trees in a forest area.

9. An etymology. It explores the origin and historical development of a word.

Example: Craps, origin 1375-1425, late Middle English, Middle Dutch. 1835-45 Americanism, 18^th century E slang.

10. History. It records the events in the development of something.

Example: Craps developed from a simplification (упрощение) of the early English game of "hazard" (опасность). Its origin is complex and may date to the Crusades (крестовые походы), later being influenced by French gamblers (игроки). What was to become the modern American version of the game was brought to New Orleans by Bernard Xavier Philippe de Marigny de Mandeville (Бернар Ксавье Филипп де Мариньи де Мандевиль), a gambler (картежник) and politician descended (происходить родом) from wealthy colonial Louisiana landowners (землевладельцы).

The use of different types of definitions helps us to make our speech and written works.more scientific and at the same time easy for the understanding of ordinary people.

Assignments

1. Translate into English: готовить доклад, писать эссе, термин, определение, описывать, пример, игра – играть, ключевые слова, наблюдать феномен, делить на составные части, создавать впечатление, сравнение, происхождение и историческое развитие.

 

2. Give the definitions of the following terms: an introvert, an orator, a leader, a politician, a researcher, a scientific supervisor. Use all types of definitions.

Use the following formal definitions:

an introvert – a type of personality (or behavior), oriented inwards

an orator - one who makes a speech, as well as a person with the gift of oratory

a leader - a person in any group (organization), enjoying great and recognized authority and having the effect on other people in this group

a politician - a person professionally engaged in political activities, or much interested in politics; a person who follows politics as a career

a researcher – a common name of scientists engaged in science, a person who discovers new facts, gets additional information

a scientific supervisor – a person who watches and directs scientific researches.

 

3. Make as many questions as you can to the following sentences: Craps is a gambling game. History records the events in the development of something.

 

4.Вставьте соответствующие предлоги времени: after, at, before, by, during, for, from, in, on, since, till.

Даты, дни недели – on

Время по часам – at

Месяцы, год, части дня – in

 

1. Jennifer is going to come here … the eighth of December. 2. Our pupils had the last test … Wednesday. 3. Jane’s elder brother was born … January, 1999. 4. George got up … 04.40 a.m. a day before yesterday. 5. Renate was going to the library … classes. 6. Their boss will be busy … 16.00 … 19.00. 7. My cousin has been working in this famous company … 2005. 8. … the morning I always get up … 7 o’clock but … Sunday I get up later than usual. 9. He arrives … the first … July. 10. We shall go to the cinema … the evening.

Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs): can, may, must

I can speak English. You may sit down. You must do it.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы: Can you speak English? Yes, I can. No, I can’t. May I come in? Yes, you may. No, you may not. Must he go there? Yes, he must. No, he needn't.

1. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. 1. You can see a bookcase in the corner of the room. 2. Can you name the days of the week? 3. You may go home now. 4. I am sorry. I must go now. 5. I cannot find the right answer. 6. May I open the window? 7. Must I learn all the words? – No, you needn’t. 8. Students mustn’t be late for classes. 9. She must hurry or she will be late for the lecture. 10. You may take any book you like. 11. Peter can speak French and Italian. 12. Students must attend all lectures.

2. Поставьте данные предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму. 1. This girl can speak French well. 2. You must translate the text. 3. You may open the window.

3. Заполните пропуски глаголами must, may или can. 1. I know I... help my sister about the house. 2. I … not swim. 3. Robert … play the piano. 4. … I sit here? 5. Who … help me with this task? 6. … I use your pen? 7. I have a terrible headache. - I think you... see a doctor. 8. You … keep this book till Monday. 9. Ann … cook well. 10. Ann,... I ask you a question? - You certainly may. 11. You... always observe traffic rules on the road. 12. You... not put so much sugar in your tea. 13. Dan,... I do anything for you? 14. Peter … drive a car. 15. You … take any book you like.